Showing posts with label copyright. Show all posts
Showing posts with label copyright. Show all posts

Sunday, September 14, 2025

From Creation to Compliance: An A-to-Z Guide to Copyright Issues in AI-Assisted Fashion Design

 

AI-Designed Clothes: So, Who's the Real Creator?

As generative AI continues to transform the fashion industry, complex copyright questions—particularly around the notion of authorship—are rapidly emerging. In this creative process, prompts play a pivotal role in shaping the human contribution, whether in visual design, music, audiovisual works, or even technical ideas and inventions. This shared reliance on human creative input suggests that a common legal framework may apply across these domains. In what follows, we explore the key legal boundaries and practical considerations that every designer and creator should understand.

Hey there! Have you seen the latest from New York Fashion Week? Brands like Collina Strada are making waves with unique prints and silhouettes created using generative AI. It’s official—AI is no longer just a novelty; it’s becoming a core part of the fashion industry. Students at FIT are using it to analyze trends, and one Hong Kong fashion show even produced over 80 AI-assisted garments.

AI is showing incredible potential in the early stages of brainstorming and concept development. But behind this dazzling technology lie some complex and sensitive legal questions. ‘Who actually owns the copyright to an AI-assisted design?’ and ‘What’s the risk of infringing on the countless existing designs the AI learned from?’ These are fundamental issues we’ll face across all creative fields. Today, we’re going to take a deep dive into this challenging but crucial topic, focusing on legal discussions in the EU and the UK. 😊

 

AI Meets Fashion Design: The Reality and Its Limits

The traditional fashion design process follows a long sequence: trend research, ideation, sketching, and prototyping. Generative AI has become a true ‘game-changer,’ especially in the initial brainstorming and concept development phases. It allows designers to dramatically save time and effort and find new inspiration when facing a creative block.

However, AI isn't a magic bullet. Studies have shown that while AI-generated sketches have high visual quality, they have significant limitations in originality and the ability to reflect a designer's detailed intent.

πŸ’‘ An Interesting Paradox!
In one study, the ‘designer input and customization’ aspect of AI performance received the lowest scores. Yet, that’s precisely what designers value the most! This clearly shows that AI is unlikely to ever fully replace a designer's unique artistic sensibility.

 

The Core of Copyright: Was There a ‘Human Creative Choice’?

Let’s get to the most important question: who owns the copyright to an AI-assisted design? The fundamental principle of current law is ‘human-centric.’ This means works created solely by AI cannot receive copyright protection.

The issue arises when a human designer uses AI as a ‘tool.’ In the European Union (EU) and the UK, the standard of ‘Author’s Own Intellectual Creation (AOIC)’ is applied. The key here isn’t the aesthetic quality of the final product, but whether the designer made ‘free and creative choices’ that reflect their personality during the creation process.

A 3-Step Evaluation Process for Copyright

  1. Prompt Curation: The prompt a designer inputs into the AI is itself a result of creative choices. A detailed prompt like, “a red, midi-length, sleeveless A-line dress with ruffle details on the shoulders,” reflects the designer's original thought process.
  2. Output Selection and Modification: The designer’s ‘personal touch’ is added when they ‘select’ a specific design from numerous AI-generated outputs and ‘modify’ it to fit their vision.
  3. Final Completion: The designer’s personality and creativity are fully expressed when they add final details to the selected AI output and bring it to life as a physical garment.

Ultimately, if a human designer's creative intervention can be sufficiently proven throughout these stages, there's a possibility for the AI-assisted design to be protected by copyright.

 

The Complex Dilemma of Third-Party Infringement

While securing copyright for your own design is crucial, the risk of unknowingly infringing on someone else’s copyright is an even bigger concern. Generative AI learns through a process called Text-and-Data Mining (TDM), which scrapes vast amounts of data from the internet. This training data can include copyrighted content, and the process itself can be considered an act of ‘reproduction.’

Copyright infringement is typically determined by three factors: the act of reproduction, a causal link, and substantial similarity. The key is whether “the reproduction of a ‘substantial part’ that constitutes the ‘author's own intellectual creation’” of the original work has occurred.

⚠️ Beware! AI’s ‘Overfitting’ and ‘Memorization’
When an AI model is excessively trained on certain data (overfitting), it may simply regurgitate something nearly identical to its training data instead of creating something new. For instance, there was a case where DALL-E produced strikingly similar images of a red dress—down to the length, neckline, and slit location—when given the same prompt. This is a serious red flag that could lead to unintentional copyright infringement.

To combat this risk, AI companies are implementing ‘AI output filtering technology’. Furthermore, with the EU’s new AI Act, which will require providers to disclose summaries of their training data, it will become easier to assess potential copyright infringement in the future.

 

Legal Defense Strategy: Claiming ‘Transformative Work’

Fortunately, there are ways to navigate these challenges. Even if an AI's initial output is similar to a copyrighted work, a designer can “create a new, non-infringing ‘derivative’ or ‘transformative’ work through sufficient modifications” that adds new meaning or message.

[Case Study] Spain’s ‘Vegap v Mango’ Case

In this case, a court ruled that transforming a copyrighted painting into a digital fashion item was not infringement. It determined the new piece was “‘transformative’ and non-infringing because it provided a new expression, meaning, message, or expanded utility.”

This is an important precedent, showing that designs based on AI-generated content can be considered independent works if they are sufficiently differentiated through the designer's creative intervention.

Therefore, designers using AI should be sure to follow these practical steps:

πŸ“Œ Legal Safeguards for Designers in the AI Era
  1. Systematically Document Your Creative Process: It’s crucial that “the designer's personality and creative freedom are present and documented.” This record of your prompts and modifications is your strongest evidence in a legal dispute.
  2. Use Safe Tools: Remember that copyright exceptions may apply when using AI tools for “non-commercial or private research purposes,” and choose AI tools with clear licensing.
  3. Maximize Your Creative Contribution: Use AI outputs as a ‘first draft’ and focus on transforming them into something truly your own, “differentiated enough that the ‘substantial part’ of the original work is no longer recognizable in the new piece.”
πŸ’‘

AI Fashion Copyright: Key Takeaways

The Author: Only a ‘human’ can be an author. AI is just a tool.
Protection Standard: The key test is whether it’s a human’s ‘Own Intellectual Creation (AOIC)’.
Core Strategy:
‘Transform’ the AI output and ‘Document’ your entire creative process!
Future Value: True value comes from the human's unique perspective, experience, and sensibility in using AI.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is it copyright infringement to ask an AI to design in the style of a specific designer?
A: No. As a general rule, “the mere reproduction of a ‘style’ does not constitute copyright infringement.” However, if you ask it to replicate the unique ‘expressive elements’ of a specific design (e.g., “a small design element with originality”) and the output does so, it could be considered infringement.
Q: Can I claim copyright if I just slightly modify an AI-generated design?
A: The definition of ‘slightly’ is key here. A simple color change or minor detail adjustment may not be enough. To claim your copyright, there needs to be a ‘transformative use’ that is evaluated by the “‘sufficiency’ of the creative choices,” making it substantially different from the original.
Q: What is the controversial ‘Recognizability’ test?
A: It’s a strict new test proposed by an Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the EU. It suggests that if the creative elements of the original work are “‘recognizable’ in the final product, it constitutes infringement.” It has been criticized in the fashion industry for potentially “stifling innovation and creativity,” and has not yet been formally adopted.
Q: How can I know if an AI’s training data includes copyrighted works?
A: While this used to be difficult, regulations like the EU’s AI Act are changing things. The Act will require AI providers to release a ‘sufficiently detailed summary’ of the content used for training. This will bring much-needed transparency and make it easier for users to assess risks.

Conclusion: The Future of Creativity and the Human Role

The copyright debate around AI-assisted fashion design reminds us of a crucial truth: no matter how advanced technology gets, the core of creation remains a uniquely human domain. AI is a powerful tool, but how that tool is used and in which direction it’s guided ultimately depends on the creative choices of a human designer.

In the new paradigm of human-AI collaboration, true value will come from human emotion, experience, and a unique perspective on the world. Amid the infinite possibilities that AI offers, it is still the human touch that elevates an output into a meaningful creation. If you have any more questions, feel free to leave a comment below!

※ Notice ※
This article is primarily based on the paper titled “Generative AI in fashion design creation: a copyright analysis of AI-assisted designs” (Lapatoura et al.), published in the Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice.
And this blog post is for general informational purposes only and cannot substitute for legal advice on specific matters. Please be sure to consult with a professional regarding individual legal issues.

Sunday, August 31, 2025

λ‚˜λŠ” μ§€μ‹œν•œλ‹€, 고둜 μ°½μž‘ν•œλ‹€ - AI와 μ°½μž‘μžμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 관계, "I Direct, Therefore I Create" - The New Relationship Between AI and the Creator

AI μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ μ°½μž‘μž, λ‚˜λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€? / Who is the Creator in the Age of AI?

AIμ—κ²Œ 'μ§€μ‹œ'만 λ‚΄λ¦° μ‚¬λžŒ, κ³Όμ—° μ°½μž‘μžμΌκΉŒμš”?
If You Only 'Direct' an AI, Are You Still the Creator?

졜근 인곡지λŠ₯(AI)을 ν™œμš©ν•΄ 15초 λΆ„λŸ‰μ˜ 짧은 μ˜μƒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌκ³ λŠ” 였직 두 κ°€μ§€ ν”„λ‘¬ν”„νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§€μ‹œν•œ κ²ƒλΏμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I recently used artificial intelligence (AI) to create a short, 15-second video. All I did was provide two prompts.

πŸ‘€ 인물 캐릭터 생성 ν”„λ‘¬ν”„νŠΈ
πŸ‘€ Character Creation Prompt

“κ°μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉˆν‹°μ§€ λ§ˆμ΄ν¬μ— λŒ€κ³  λ…Έλž˜ν•˜λŠ” μ Šμ€ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ ν΄λ‘œμ¦ˆμ—… μ΄ˆμƒν™”. μ€μ€ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ§μ΄λŠ” μ—°ν•œ ν•˜λŠ˜μƒ‰ λ“œλ ˆμŠ€λ₯Ό μž…κ³  있으며, 메이크업은 λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ³  감정 μ–΄λ¦° λˆˆλΉ›κ³Ό 뢉은 μž…μˆ μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•œλ‹€. λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” 꽃 μž₯식이 달린 λ‹¨μ •ν•œ μ—…μŠ€νƒ€μΌλ‘œ λ¬Άμ—¬ μžˆλ‹€. 배경은 μ€μ€ν•˜κ²Œ λΉ›λ‚˜λŠ” νŒŒλž€ 컀튼과 νλ¦Ών•œ λ”°λœ»ν•œ 전ꡬ μ‘°λͺ…이 μ•„λ ¨ν•˜κ³  μΉœλ°€ν•œ λ¬΄λŒ€ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ λ‹€. μŠ€νƒ€μΌμ€ 사싀적이고 μ‹œλ„€λ§ˆν‹±ν•˜λ©°, μ–Όκ΅΄κ³Ό λ§ˆμ΄ν¬μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ 맞좘 고해상도 λ””ν…ŒμΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•œλ‹€.”

"A close-up portrait of a young woman singing emotionally into a vintage microphone. She wears a sparkling light-blue dress with thin straps, and her makeup highlights her soft, expressive eyes and red lips. Her hair is styled in a loose elegant updo with a flower accessory. The background has softly glowing blue curtains and blurred warm string lights, creating a dreamy and intimate stage mood. The style should be photorealistic, cinematic, and highly detailed, focusing on her face and microphone."

🎡 가사와 μŒμ› 생성 ν”„λ‘¬ν”„νŠΈ
🎡 Lyrics and Music Generation Prompt

“λΆ€λ“œλŸ¬μš΄ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έ μ„ μœ¨μ— λ§žμΆ”μ–΄ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 진심 μ–΄λ¦° λ°œλΌλ“œ. λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ„¬μ„Έν•˜κ³  감정적이며, μ²«μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ λ‹¬μ½€μŒ‰μ‹Έλ¦„ν•œ 기얡을 νšŒμƒν•œλ‹€. κ°€μ‚¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ–΄λ‘œ ν–₯μˆ˜μ™€ 연약함, 그리고 κ·Έλ¦¬μ›€μœΌλ‘œ 가득 μ°¨ μžˆλ‹€. 전체적인 λΆ„μœ„κΈ°λŠ” μ„œμ •μ μ΄κ³  μ‹œλ„€λ§ˆν‹±ν•˜λ©°, μž”μž”ν•œ 리듬과 ν’λΆ€ν•œ ν‘œν˜„λ ₯이 μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦° μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ μ•„ν””κ³Ό 아름닀움을 λ™μ‹œμ— λ“œλŸ¬λ‚Έλ‹€.”

"A heartfelt ballad with soft piano melodies, sung in a tender and emotional voice. The song recalls the bittersweet memory of a first love — nostalgic, delicate, and filled with longing. The lyrics are written in Korean, filled with shades of nostalgia, fragility, and yearning. The mood is sentimental and cinematic, with a gentle rhythm and expressive dynamics that reveal both the pain and the beauty of lost love."

이 두 κ°€μ§€ μ§€μ‹œμ— 따라 AIκ°€ μ˜μƒμ„ μ°½μž‘ν–ˆκ³ , 무료 버전이라 15초 길이둜 μ œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Following these two instructions, the AI created the video. Since I used a free version, it was produced as a 15-second clip.

μ˜ˆμˆ κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ„ 직접 μ œμž‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ”λΌλ„ μ°½μž‘ 과정을 κΈ°νšν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ°©ν–₯을 μ œμ‹œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒ λ˜ν•œ μ°½μž‘μžλ‘œ μΈμ •λœλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ € μ—­μ‹œ μ°½μž‘μžλ‘œ 뢈릴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? 기술이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬ΌμŒμ„ 곱씹을 ν‹ˆλ„ 없이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ΄ 우리 μ•žμ— νŽΌμ³μ§€κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹€κ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In the art world, it's said that even if someone doesn't physically create the work, the person who plans or directs the creative process is also recognized as a creator. If that's the case, can I too be called a creator? With technology evolving so rapidly today, I realize that a new reality is unfolding before us, leaving little time to ponder such questions.

예술의 였랜 질문: "μ°½μž‘μž"λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€?
Art's Enduring Question: Who is the "Creator"?

μ˜ˆμˆ κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ˜€λž˜μ „λΆ€ν„° “μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ μ°½μž‘μžλž€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€”λΌλŠ” λ…ΌμŸμ΄ 이어져 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 뢓을 λ“€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ”λΌλ„ μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ 기획, ꡬ도, κ°œλ…μ„ μ œμ‹œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ ‘μ°½μž‘μž’둜 κ°„μ£Όλ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ’€μƒΉ(Marcel Duchamp)의 λ ˆλ””λ©”μ΄λ“œ(Ready-made) 예술이 보여주듯, 물건 자체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ, 그것을 예술의 λ§₯락으둜 λŒμ–΄μ˜¬λ¦° μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ°½μž‘μžλ‘œ λΆˆλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
For a long time, the art world has debated the question, "Who is the creator of a work of art?" Even those who didn't physically hold the brush have been considered 'creators' if they provided the concept, composition, and plan for the piece. A prime example is Marcel Duchamp's "Ready-made" art. The person who elevated an object into the context of art, not the person who manufactured the object itself, was called the creator.

μ΄λŠ” μ°½μž‘μ˜ 본질이 ν–‰μœ„μ˜ 물리적 κ΅¬ν˜„μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ‘μ˜λ„μ˜ μ§€μ‹œμ™€ 기획’에 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 철학적 μ „μ œλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This reflects the philosophical premise that the essence of creation lies not in the physical act of making, but in the 'intention, direction, and planning.'

μ§€μ‹œμž vs μ°½μž‘μž: 법과 ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ κ°„κ·Ή
The Director vs. The Creator: A Gap Between Law and Reality

κ²°κ΅­, μ €λŠ” AIμ—κ²Œ 두 개의 ν”„λ‘¬ν”„νŠΈλ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ°½μž‘ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό ‘μ§€μ‹œ·κ°λ…’ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜ˆμˆ μ² ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν–‰μœ„ μžμ²΄κ°€ μ°½μž‘μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— 가깝닀고 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ 저와 같은 “μ§€μ‹œμž”의 μ§€μœ„κ°€ μ°½μž‘μžλ‘œ μ „λ©΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ •λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ§Œ 이 κ°„κ·Ήμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 법철학적 μ‚¬μœ μ˜ 좜발점이자, 기술 λ°œμ „μ΄ μ œκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Ultimately, by providing two prompts to the AI, I 'directed and supervised' a creative act. From a philosophical standpoint, this act itself can be seen as close to the essence of creation. Legally, however, the status of a "director" like myself is not yet fully recognized as that of a creator. This very gap is the starting point for legal and philosophical inquiry and a new question posed by technological advancement.

λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €λŠ” μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ λ¬»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Therefore, I ask myself:

“μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ μ™„μ„±λœ 물리적 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  것이 μ€‘μš”ν•œκ°€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ·Έ 과정을 κΈ°νšν•˜κ³  λ°©ν–₯을 μ •ν•œ 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•œκ°€?”
"Is it more important to have created the final physical form of a work, or to have planned and directed the process?"

κΈ°μˆ μ€ 이미 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ°•μš”ν•˜κ³  있으며, 법과 철학은 이제 κ·Έ 닡을 μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμ μ— 와 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Technology is already forcing this question upon us, and now law and philosophy must find a new answer.

μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œ AIκ°€ μƒμ„±ν•œ μ˜μƒμ„ 직접 확인해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
You can watch the video generated by the AI below.

Sunday, April 13, 2025

The central issue in the copyright infringement controversy surrounding generative AI

μƒμ„±ν˜• AI의 μ €μž‘κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄ λ…Όλž€μ˜ 핡심 쟁점 (The central issue in the copyright infringement controversy surrounding generative AI)

Wednesday, March 11, 2015

ν•œκ΅­ 및 미ꡭ에 μ €μž‘κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  λ•Œ μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것듀


μ €μž‘κΆŒμ€ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ΄λ‚˜ μƒν‘œκΆŒμ΄λ‚˜ λ””μžμΈκΆŒκ³Ό 달리 λ³„λ„μ˜ λ“±λ‘μ΄λ‚˜ 심사λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ˜μ§€ μ•„λ‹ˆν•˜κ³  μ°½μž‘ μ‹œ μ°½μž‘μžμ—κ²Œ κ·Έ κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ² λ₯Έ 쑰약에 μ˜ν•΄ μ²΄κ²°κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ™λ“±ν•œ 보호λ₯Ό 받을 수 있고, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ€ μΈν„°λ„·μ˜ λŒ€μ€‘ν™”λ‘œ 전세계에 유포되고 μ΄μš©λ˜μ–΄ μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 경우 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 침해에 ν•œμ •λ˜μ§€ μ•„λ‹ˆν•˜κ³  μ΅œμ’… λΆ„μŸνƒ€κ²°μ˜ ν•©μ˜μ—μ„œλ„ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ΄μš©μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μΌλ°˜μ μ΄λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ μ‹€νš¨μ μΈ λ³΄ν˜Έμ™€ κ΄€λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•΄λ‹Ή μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ 이용되고 μžˆλŠ” κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 보호λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. 이에 μ €μž‘κΆŒμΉ¨ν•΄μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ™€ 미ꡭ은 μ €μž‘κΆŒμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 법λ₯ μš”건 λ“±μ—μ„œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ •λ¦¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œ ν–₯ν›„ μ €μž‘κΆŒμ„ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 데에 도움이 되고자 ν•œλ‹€.

1.    μ €μž‘μΈκ²©κΆŒ
μ €μž‘κΆŒμΈκ²©κΆŒμ€ κ³΅ν‘œκΆŒ, μ„±λͺ…ν‘œμ‹œκΆŒ, λ™μΌμ„±μœ μ§€κΆŒκ³Ό 같이 μ°½μž‘μžμ—κ²Œ 일신 μ „μ†ν•˜λŠ” ꢌ리둜 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ λ…μΌμ—μ„œ 처음 μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ μΈμ •λ˜μ–΄ 1928λ…„ λ² λ₯Έμ‘°μ•½μ— ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.

λ”°λΌμ„œ 1) μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 적극적으둜 μ €μž‘μΈκ²©κΆŒμ„ μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 보고 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, 2) 미ꡭ은 λ² λ₯Έμ‘°μ•½μ— κ°€μž…λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŒμ—λ„ 아직도 μ‹œκ°μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ„ μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ λŠ” μ €μž‘μΈκ²©κΆŒμ„ μ €μž‘κΆŒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λͺ…μ˜ˆν›Όμ†μ΄λ‚˜ λΆ€μ •κ²½μŸμ˜ ν•œ μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ 보고 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 크닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ €μž‘μž¬μ‚°κΆŒμ˜ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό λ™λ°˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ ν‘œμ ˆμ€ λΆˆλ²•ν–‰μœ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 윀리문제둜 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ €μž‘μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ(볡제ꢌ, κ³΅μ—°κΆŒ, κ³΅μ€‘μ†‘μ‹ κΆŒ, μ „μ‹œκΆŒ, 배포ꢌ, λŒ€μ—¬κΆŒ, 2μ°¨μ €μž‘λ¬Όμž‘μ„±κΆŒ, μ €μž‘μΈμ ‘κΆŒ(μ‹€μ—°/음반/방솑))을 μΉ¨ν•΄ν•œ κ²½μš°μ— ν•œν•˜μ—¬ μ €μž‘κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ μ„±λ¦½λœλ‹€.

2.    μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ 원고적격
1) μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²• 제123쑰에 따라 i) “μ €μž‘κΆŒμ„ κ°€μ§„ μžλ˜λŠ” ii) “μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•μ— 따라 λ³΄ν˜Έλ˜λŠ” ꢌ리λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ μžκ°€ μΉ¨ν•΄μ˜ μ •μ§€λ₯Ό 청ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €μž‘μΈκ²©κΆŒμ˜ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ°œμƒν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ €μž‘μž(업무상 μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ μ €μž‘μžλŠ” 법인)κ°€, μ €μž‘μž¬μ‚°κΆŒμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ μ†Œμœ μž, μ €μž‘μΈμ ‘κΆŒμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μŒλ°˜μ œμž‘μž 등이 원고 적격이 있으며, 이와 λ³„λ„λ‘œ μ €μž‘μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ 침해에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒμž λ˜λŠ” λ³΄μƒκΈˆμ²­κ΅¬κΆŒμ„ κ°€μ§€λŠ” 자 등이 손해배상을 청ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€(동법 제125μ‘°). λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²• 제2μ‘° 21호의 κ³΅λ™μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ°œμƒν•œ κ²½μš°λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³΅λ™μ €μž‘μžμ˜ λ™μ˜ μ—†μ΄λŠ” μΉ¨ν•΄κΈˆμ§€μ²­κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ‚˜ μžμ‹ μ˜ 지뢄에 λŒ€ν•œ μ†ν•΄λŠ” 배상을 청ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€.
2) ν•œνŽΈ 미ꡭ은 μ €μž‘κΆŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 법적인 μ†Œμœ μž(legal owner)” 및 수읡ꢌ자(Beneficial owner)”λŠ” 제3μžμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 침해쀑지 및 손해배상을 청ꡬ할 적격이 있으며(17 U.S.C. §501), κ³΅λ™μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ 침해에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ³΅λ™μ €μž‘μž κ°μžκ°€ 타 μ €μž‘μžμ˜ λ™μ˜ 없이 μ†Œλ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€.

3.    λ¬΄ν˜•μ˜ ν‘œν˜„μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ μœ ν˜•λ¬Όμ— κ³ μ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
1)    μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ³΄ν˜Έλ˜λŠ” μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ μΈμ‡„λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ DVDλ“±μ˜ μœ ν˜•λ¬Όμ— 고정될 것을 μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
2)    κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ—°λ°©μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›μœΌλ €λ©΄ 17 U.S.C. §102(a)에 따라 μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ μœ ν˜•λ¬Ό(tangible medium)에 κ³ μ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. 만일 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ£Όμ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•μ— 따라 보호될 수 μžˆμ–΄λ„ μ—°λ°©λ²•μ˜ λ³΄ν˜ΈλŠ” λ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν•  것이닀.

4.    μ €μž‘κΆŒ λ“±λ‘μ˜ 효과
1)    μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ°½μž‘μΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 1λ…„ 이내에 μ €μž‘κΆŒ λ“±λ‘ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ‹€λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ λ“±λ‘λœ μ €μž‘μžμ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ“±λ‘λœ μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ„ λ“±λ‘λœ μ°½μž‘μΌμ— μ°½μž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ²•μ •μΆ”μ •λœλ‹€(μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²• 제53μ‘° 제3ν•­). κ·Έ μ™Έ κΆŒλ¦¬λ³€λ™μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λŒ€ν•­νš¨λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 외에 μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ μ œμ†Œμš”κ±΄μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©° μœ νš¨μΆ”μ •μ΄λ‚˜ λ²•μ •μ†ν•΄λ°°μƒκΆŒ λ°œμƒμš”κ±΄ 등이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€.
2)    반면, 미ꡭ은 졜초 κ³΅ν‘œμΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 5λ…„ 이내에 λ“±λ‘ν•˜λ©΄ i) κ·Έ 증λͺ…μ„œμ— 기재된 μžκ°€ μ •λ‹Ήν•œ κΆŒλ¦¬μžλΌλŠ” 것과 ii) μ €μž‘κΆŒμ΄ μœ νš¨ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 법정좔정을 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€(17 U.S.C. §410(c)). λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜κΈ° 전에 λ“±λ‘λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©΄ μΉ¨ν•΄ κ±΄μˆ˜λ‹Ή $750 μ—μ„œ $30,000, κ³ μ˜μΉ¨ν•΄μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” $150,000 의 법정손해배상은 λ¬Όλ‘  μ†Œμ†‘λŒ€λ¦¬λΉ„μš©μ„ 받을 수 μžˆλ‹€.
3)    λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 미ꡭ은 μ €μž‘κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ μ œμ†Œμš”κ±΄μœΌλ‘œ μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ 등둝을 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€(17 U.S.C. §411(a)). μ œμ†Œ μ‹œ μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ λ“±λ‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ“±λ‘μ‹ μ²­λ§Œ λ˜μ–΄ 있으면 μ‘±ν•œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€νˆΌμ΄ μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ 졜근 제9μˆœνšŒλ²•μ›μ€ 신청을 μ œμ†Œμš”κ±΄μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ¬Όλ‘  i) μ €μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ°½μž‘λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ±°λ‚˜, μ €μž‘λ¬Ό 등둝이 거절된 경우 등은 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έκ΅­ Copyright Office에 λ“±λ‘λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ μ œμ†Œκ°€ ν—ˆμš©λ˜λ‚˜ λ²•μ›λ§ˆλ‹€ κ·Έ μ˜ˆμ™Έλ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 엄격함이 달라 μ œμ†Œ μ‹œ κ΄€ν•  및 법원 선택과 ν•¨κ»˜ κ²€ν† λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. ν•œκ΅­ μ €μž‘μžμ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ°½μž‘λ˜κ³  λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 졜초둜 κ³΅ν‘œλ˜μ§€ μ•„λ‹ˆν•œ κ²½μš°κ°€ 이에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•  것이닀.

5.    μ†Œλ©Έμ‹œνš¨
1)    μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒμΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ°œμƒν•œ 경우, 민법 제766쑰에 따라 μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μ•ˆ λ‚ λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 3λ…„, μΉ¨ν•΄μΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 10년이 μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄ 민사상 손해배상을 μ²­κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€. μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ κ³„μ†λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μ— 청ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ” μΉ¨ν•΄κΈˆμ§€ μ²­κ΅¬λŠ” μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ κ³„μ†λ˜λŠ” ν•œ μœ„ μ†Œλ©Έμ‹œνš¨κ°€ μ—°μž₯λ˜λŠ” νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλ‹€.
2)    반면 λ―Έκ΅­ μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²• 17 U.S.C. §507(b)은 κ·Έ μ†Œλ©Έμ‹œνš¨λ₯Ό “within 3(three) years after the claim accrued”와 같이 3λ…„μœΌλ‘œ κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ†Œλ©Έμ‹œνš¨μ˜ 기산점과 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄λ–€ 법원은 μΉ¨ν•΄μΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ–΄λ–€ 법원은 μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ λ‚ λ‘œλΆ€ν„° κΈ°μ‚°ν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 관할법원에 μ œμ†Œν•˜λŠλƒμ— 따라 결둠이 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŒμ— μœ μ˜ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€.

Monday, March 9, 2015

λ―Έκ΅­ μ§€μ‹μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ 원고적격 듀여닀보기

미ꡭ은 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ²˜λŸΌ μ†ŒκΆŒμ΄ μΈμ •λ˜λŠ” μ „μš©μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμ΄λž€ κ°œλ…μ΄ μ—†κ³  μ§€μ‹μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ μ‹ νƒμ˜ 경우 κ³„μ•½μ˜ 해석에 따라 μ‹ νƒμž λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ μ†ŒκΆŒμ΄ λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ˜ν•œ λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆλ²•(35 U.S.C.) λ° μƒν‘œλ²•(15 U.S.C.)μ—λŠ” μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•(17 U.S.C.) κ³Ό 달리 수읡ꢌ자(Beneficial owner)κ°€ μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  적격이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λͺ…μ‹œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€λ„ μ•Šλ‹€

λ”°λΌμ„œ λ―Έκ΅­ μ§€μ‹μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ 원고적격을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” 것은 λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μžμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ§€μ‹μž¬μ‚°κΆŒ μˆ˜μ΅ν™” ꡬ쑰 및 ν™œλ™μ„ κ³„νšν•˜κ³  ν˜‘μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 데 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 기쀀이 λœλ‹€

참고둜 수읡ꢌ자(Beneficial owner)λž€ μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ„ 제3μžμ—κ²Œ μ–‘λ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 이읡의 ν˜œνƒμ„ λ°›λŠ” 자λ₯Ό λ§ν•œλ‹€λ³΄ν†΅ μ‹ νƒκ³„μ•½μ—μ„œ λͺ…λͺ©μƒ μ†Œμœ κΆŒμžλŠ” μˆ˜νƒμžκ°€ 되고 싀싀적인 μ†Œμœ κΆŒμžλŠ” μ‹ νƒμžκ°€ λ˜λ©°μ‹ νƒμžλŠ” 비둝 ꢌ리λ₯Ό μˆ˜νƒμžμ—κ²Œ μ–‘λ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ κ·Έ 이읡의 ν˜œνƒμ„ λ°›λŠ” μˆ˜μ΅κΆŒμžμ΄λ‹€.

1.    νŠΉν—ˆμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž 적격(Standing)

νŠΉν—ˆμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž 적격은 μ„Έκ°€μ§€ λΆ€λ₯˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹¨λ…μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 자(제1λΆ€λ₯˜), λ‘˜μ§ΈλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 자(제2λΆ€λ₯˜), μ…‹μ§ΈλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžλ‘œμ„œ μ†Œμ†‘μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 자(제3λΆ€λ₯˜)이닀(Pfizer inc v. teva pharm (E.D. Va. Aug. 12, 2011) μ°Έμ‘°).

1) 제1의 λΆ€λ₯˜μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” μžλ‘œλŠ” i) νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμž(35 U.S.C. § 281; Sicom, 427 F.3d at 976.)μ΄κ±°λ‚˜. ii) κ·Έ μ–‘μˆ˜μΈμ΄κ±°λ‚˜(Sicom, 427 F.3d at 976.), iii) μ–‘μˆ˜μΈμ— μ€€ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉν—ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ ꢌ리(all substantial rights)λ₯Ό ν—ˆλ½ 받은 배타적 μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμž(an exclusive licensee)μ΄κ±°λ‚˜(Sicom, 427 F.3d at 976.). iv) μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 제3자의 μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ œμ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ 행사할 수 μžˆλŠ” κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ 유보된 수읡ꢌ자(Benficial owner)이닀 (pfizer inc v. teva pharm. 2:10cvl28. E.D. Va. Aug. 12, 2011).

A. λ°°νƒ€μ λΌμ΄μ„Όμ‹œμ™€ μ‹ νƒκ³„μ•½μ˜ μˆ˜νƒμžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 원고적격과 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ μ£Όμ˜ν•  것은 
i) ‘λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ ν—ˆλ½λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 계약해석에 따라 λ°°νƒ€μ μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμž λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž 적격의 인정여뢀가 λ‹¬λΌμ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‹€λ°°νƒ€μ μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμž λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜νƒμžκ°€ μ†ŒκΆŒμ„ κ°€μ§€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ–‘μˆ˜μΈμ— μ€€ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ νŠΉν—ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ ν—ˆλ½λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€

B. 2007λ…„ μˆ˜νƒμžμ˜ 원고적격에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€νˆΌ(Propat case)μ—μ„œ μ—°λ°©μˆœνšŒλ²•μ›μ€ μ‹ νƒκ³„μ•½μ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ„ 해석할 λ•Œ i) μˆ˜νƒμžμΈ Propat은 νŠΉν—ˆλ°œλͺ…을 μ‹€μ‹œν•  κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ—†κ³  였직 λΌμ΄μ„Όμ‹±ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ†Œμ†‘ν•  ꢌ리만 λ³΄μœ ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ii) Propat의 κΆŒλ¦¬λŠ” 배타적인 κΆŒλ¦¬λ„ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°, iii) μ‹ νƒμžμ˜ λ™μ˜ 없이 제3μžμ—κ²Œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 양도할 μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μœΌλ©°, iv) νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μœ μ§€κ΄€λ¦¬ν•  μ±…μž„λ„ μ‹ νƒμžκ°€ λΆ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ³  있고, v) νŠΉν—ˆμ˜ 행사에 λ”°λ₯Έ 수읡 μ—­μ‹œ μ‹ νƒμžκ°€ λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³ , 였직 μ†Œμ†‘ 및 라이센싱 ν™œλ™λ§Œ μ•„μ›ƒμ†Œμ‹±ν•œ 것이며, vi) μ‹ νƒμžμ˜ 선택에 따라 계약을 ν•΄μ§€ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜νƒμž Propat의 ꢌ리λ₯Ό λ°•νƒˆμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ, μˆ˜νƒμžμΈ Propat은 κ³΅λ™μ†Œμœ κΆŒμžλ„ μ•„λ‹Œ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ agent에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜μ—¬, μ‹ νƒμžμ™€ κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œλ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•  적격도 μ—†λ‹€κ³  νŒμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

2) μ œ2λΆ€λ₯˜μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” μžλ‘œλŠ” i) μ–‘μˆ˜μΈμ— μ€€ν•  μ •λ„λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ λΉ„λ°°νƒ€μ μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒλ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ§Žμ€ ꢌ리λ₯Ό ν—ˆλ½λ°›μ€ 배타적 μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμžμ΄λ‹€μ£Όλ‘œ μ œν•œλœ λ²”μœ„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμ„ ν—ˆλ½λ°›μ€ κ²½μš°μ΄λ‹€ (Indep. Wireless Tel. Co. v. Radio Corp. of Am., 269 U.S. 459, 468 (1926) ; Sicom, 427 F.3d at 980; Abbott Labs, v. Diamedix Corp., 47 F.3d 1128, 1132 (Fed. Cir. 1995)). Abbott Lab. V. Diamedix Corp. 47 F.3d 1128, 33 USPQ2d (Fed. Cir. 1995)μ‚¬κ±΄μ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžκ°€ λ°°νƒ€μ λΌμ΄μ„ΌμŠ€λ₯Ό ν—ˆλ½ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžκ°€ νŠΉν—ˆμ œν’ˆμ„ 계속 생산할 ꢌ리λ₯Ό μ œν•œλœ λ²”μœ„μ—μ„œ 계속 μœ λ³΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©° μΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ κΆŒλ¦¬λ„ μœ λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” λ“± νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžκ°€ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ ꢌ리λ₯Ό λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ—¬ λΌμ΄μ„Όμ‹œμ— μ˜ν•œ λ…μžμ μΈ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžμ κ²©μ„ λΆ€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λ°°νƒ€μ  μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμžκ°€ μ†Œμ†‘μ— λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°€ 될 수 μžˆλŠλƒ μ•„λ‹ˆλƒλŠ” λ°°νƒ€μ μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμžκ°€ 제3자의 μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ œμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” ꢌ리λ₯Ό ν—ˆλ½ λ°›μ•˜λŠ”μ§€μ™€ κ·Έ μˆ˜μ΅μ„ 받을 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ΄λ‹€. ii) λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ 볡수의 λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°€ κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ™μ˜λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€.

3) 제3λΆ€λ₯˜μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” μžλ‘œλŠ” 비배타적 μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμžμ΄λ‹€λΉ„λ°°νƒ€μ  μ‹€μ‹œκΆŒμžλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€.

2.    μ €μž‘κΆŒμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž 적격(Standing)

λ―Έκ΅­ μ €μž‘κΆŒλ²•(17 U.S.C.) μ œ501μ‘°λŠ” νŠΉν—ˆλ²•κ³Ό 달리 μ €μž‘κΆŒμ˜ λ²•μ μ†Œμœ μž(legal owner) λ° 수읡ꢌ자(Beneficial owner)λŠ” 제3자의 μ €μž‘κΆŒ μΉ¨ν•΄ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό λ°°μ œν•  κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  λͺ…λ¬Έν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ”°λΌμ„œ 제3μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ €μž‘κΆŒμΉ¨ν•΄μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž 적격이 μΈμ •λ˜λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžλ‘œλŠ” i) μ› μ°½μž‘μž(Author)μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ ii) μ •λ‹Ήν•œ μ–‘μˆ˜μΈμ΄κ±°λ‚˜ iii) μ‹ νƒκ³„μ•½μ—μ„œ μ‹ νƒμžμ™€ 같은 수읡ꢌ자(Beneficial owner)이닀 (Smith v. Casey No. 13-12351 (11th Cir., Jan. 22, 2014).

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