Monday, September 22, 2025

U.S. Design Patents: The Ultimate Guide to the Post-LKQ Era and ITC Strategy

 

Mastering U.S. Design Patents: Precedents, Global Strategy, and ITC Litigation (Ultimate In-Depth Guide) In an era where design is king, this guide covers everything you need to know to target the U.S. market. From landmark legal shifts after 30 years to the latest USPTO guidelines and global filing strategies, we’ll show you the most effective ways to protect your design assets.

Have you ever felt the saying “design is everything” rings truer than ever? In an age where a single great design can change a product’s fate, how it looks is a matter of survival, especially in the vast U.S. market. That’s why so many creators and businesses consider U.S. design patents, but the process can often feel overwhelmingly complex and difficult.

Today, we’re solving all those puzzles. We’ll dive into a legal precedent overturned after four decades, the latest guidelines examiners are using, secrets to expanding your design rights globally, and the powerful tools at your disposal during disputes. Let’s get started with this in-depth guide, packed with the most current and practical information on U.S. design patents! ๐Ÿ˜Š

 

1. The Basics of Design Patents: What’s Protected and How? ๐Ÿค”

Under 35 U.S.C. § 171, a design patent protects “any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.” The key here is ‘appearance,’ not ‘function.’ No matter how brilliant a product’s function is, the function itself is not protected by a design patent.

๐Ÿ’ก Quick Tip: It Must Be Embodied in an ‘Article of Manufacture.’
A design isn’t just an abstract idea; it must be applied to a specific physical product. Interestingly, digital designs like graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and computer icons can also be protected, as they are considered embodied in an ‘article of manufacture’—the display screen.

The most critical requirement is that the design be ‘ornamental.’ If a design is dictated solely by its function (meaning it couldn’t be made any other way), it lacks ornamentality and cannot be patented. To determine this, courts use the ‘alternative designs test,’ which asks: “Are there other ways to design this article so that it performs the same function?”

๐Ÿ”ง The Alternative Designs Test Explained: The ‘Key’ Analogy

Let’s think about a house key.

  • The Key’s Teeth (Functional): The jagged teeth of a key are purely functional; they are shaped to open a specific lock. If you change their shape, the key won’t work. Since no ‘alternative designs’ exist that perform this specific function, this part is functional and not protectable by a design patent.
  • The Key’s Head (Ornamental): On the other hand, what about the head of the key? It can be square, round, or shaped like a character—any of these forms still allows you to grip and turn the key. Because many ‘alternative designs’ are possible, a unique key head design is considered ornamental and can be protected by a design patent.

 

2. Design Patent vs. Copyright: The Great Wall of ‘Separability’ ๐ŸŽจ

While both design patents and copyrights protect visual creations, their underlying philosophies and methods of protection are completely different. For designs applied to useful articles, like a cheerleader uniform, copyright protection requires clearing the high and complex bar of ‘separability.’ Let’s dive deep into why this concept is so important and how it can be exploited to create a market monopoly, using the landmark case Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands.

A. Understanding the Separability Test

Though it sounds complicated, the core question of separability is simple: “Can you separate the artistic elements from the functional ones?” Since copyright only protects pure works of art, you must be able to conceptually lift the artistic part away from the useful product.

๐Ÿ’ก The Star Athletica Two-Part Test
The U.S. Supreme Court laid out a two-part test to answer this question:
  1. Can it be identified separately? Can you look at the design elements (chevrons, stripes) on the product and mentally separate them from the useful article?
  2. Can it exist independently? If you extracted that design element, could it stand on its own as a work of art (e.g., a drawing or sculpture)?

๐Ÿš— Separability by Example: A Car Hubcap vs. an Artistic Hubcap

Imagine a car hubcap.

  • Standard Hubcap: Its circular shape is inseparable from its function of covering the wheel. Therefore, it cannot be protected by copyright.
  • Artistic Hubcap: Now, what if that hubcap had an intricate floral pattern engraved on it? This pattern has nothing to do with the function of covering the wheel. You could imagine that floral pattern on a canvas, and it would be a work of art. Thus, the ‘floral pattern’ meets the separability test and can be protected by copyright.

The same logic was applied to the cheerleader uniform. While the basic shape of the uniform is functional (it clothes the body), the court found that the V-shapes and stripes on its surface were purely decorative elements eligible for copyright protection.

B. The Problem with Varsity Brands’ 200 Copyrights Strategy

But here’s where the trouble started. Armed with this ruling, Varsity Brands pursued a strategy of registering over 200 copyrights for designs with only minor variations. This created several serious problems.

⚠️ Copyright Functioning as a ‘Super Design Patent’
Varsity’s strategy exploited a loophole, allowing copyright to protect a product’s overall appearance—a role traditionally reserved for design patents. This resulted in:
  • Extended Protection: Securing protection for 100+ years (copyright term) instead of 15 years (design patent term).
  • Examination Evasion: Gaining rights automatically without the rigorous examination required by the USPTO.
  • Reduced Costs: Acquiring numerous rights at a fraction of the cost of design patents.

By registering slight variations in the angle of a V-shape, the thickness of a line, or the combination of colors, Varsity effectively blocked competitors from creating any similar-looking designs, giving them a powerful tool to monopolize the market. Indeed, Varsity grew into a massive company controlling 80% of the apparel market and 90% of the competition market.

C. Confusion in the IP Framework and Practical Challenges

This strategy disrupts the fundamental balance of intellectual property law, where each type of protection has a distinct role:

  • Design Patent: Protects the ornamental ‘appearance’ of a product.
  • Copyright: Protects pure artistic ‘expression.’
  • Trademark: Protects brand ‘source identification.’

Varsity used all three to protect a single design, bypassing the limitations of each. This creates unpredictable legal risks for competitors and consumers.

๐Ÿ’ฌ Justice Breyer’s Prophetic Dissent

In his dissent in Star Athletica, Justice Breyer accurately foresaw this problem, stating that Varsity was using “arrangements of words, chevrons, and color-blocking... to prevent others from making useful three-dimensional cheerleading uniforms.” His concern was that the Court was effectively granting copyright protection to apparel design—something Congress had rejected for decades—thereby creating an unnecessary monopoly and stifling innovation.

While lower courts are now trying to limit this overreach by applying concepts like ‘Thin Separability,’ many believe a fundamental fix requires an act of Congress or a clarifying decision from the Supreme Court.

 

3. Scope and Standards of Design Patent Rights ๐Ÿ”

The value of a design patent is determined by the scope of its rights—specifically, how ‘similarity’ and ‘infringement’ are judged. This involves two key legal standards: the ‘non-obviousness test’ for validity and the ‘ordinary observer test’ for infringement.

A. The Infringement Standard: The ‘Ordinary Observer Test’

The sole standard for design patent infringement, established in the 1871 Gorham case and reaffirmed in the 2008 Egyptian Goddess case, is the ‘Ordinary Observer Test.’ The key question is:

“In the eye of an ordinary observer, giving such attention as a purchaser usually gives, if the two designs are substantially the same, if the resemblance is such as to deceive such an observer, inducing him to purchase one supposing it to be the other, the first one patented is infringed by the other.”

๐Ÿ“ฑ The Ordinary Observer Test Explained: The Smartphone Case Analogy

Imagine you have a design patent for a unique smartphone case, and the market is already full of ordinary rectangular cases (the prior art).

  • Who is the ‘Ordinary Observer’? Not a design expert, but a typical consumer with general knowledge of smartphone cases. Crucially, this observer is assumed to be familiar with the ordinary cases already on the market.
  • What is Compared? If company B copies the unique curves and patterns of your patented case, changing only the logo, an ordinary observer would likely find the ‘overall visual impression’ to be substantially the same, leading to a finding of infringement.
  • The Role of Prior Art: However, if company B’s product is only similar to the common rectangular shapes (the prior art) and not your unique features, it is not infringement. The prior art acts as a ‘baseline’ for comparison.

B. The 30-Year Shakeup: A New Test for Obviousness (LKQ v. GM)

In May 2024, the Federal Circuit, in its LKQ v. GM decision, threw out the rigid Rosen-Durling test that had been used for 30 years. It was replaced with the flexible ‘Graham four-factor’ analysis, the same standard used for utility patents. This fundamentally changed how a design patent’s validity is evaluated.

๐Ÿณ The Difference Explained: A Cooking Analogy

  • The Old Way (Rosen-Durling): To judge a new recipe’s (design’s) creativity, you first had to find ‘a single, nearly identical recipe’ (a primary prior art reference) as a starting point. Combining it with other ingredients (secondary references) was highly restricted.
  • The New Way (Graham): Now, you look at all the ingredients in the fridge (all relevant prior art) and ask, “Would a skilled chef have been motivated to combine these ingredients to make this new dish?” It’s a much more flexible and real-world approach.

While the LKQ decision makes it easier to challenge a patent’s validity, a design patent’s defenses are far from gone. Invalidating a patent requires ‘clear and convincing evidence,’ a very high legal standard. Furthermore, the ‘ordinary observer test’ for infringement remains unchanged, focusing on the overall visual impression. This makes it difficult to invalidate or avoid infringement simply by pointing to a combination of individual prior art elements. Ultimately, proving a design’s novelty through ‘secondary considerations,’ such as commercial success, has become more important than ever.

⚠️ USPTO’s Quick Response and MPEP Updates
Following the ruling, the USPTO quickly issued new guidance mandating that all examiners use the Graham factors. It also formalized guidelines for computer-generated images (like GUIs) in MPEP § 1504.01(a) and announced the elimination of the expedited examination program effective August 14, 2025, to adapt to the new legal landscape.

 

4. Key Court Rulings and Legal Trends ๐Ÿ›️

The Federal Circuit has issued several key rulings in recent years that clarify the scope of design patent rights.

Issue 1: How are functional elements handled in infringement analysis?

The Ruling: The ‘appearance’ of functional elements is part of the comparison and cannot be ignored. (Ethicon, Sport Dimension cases)

The Analogy: When judging if a portrait was copied, you wouldn’t say, “Let’s ignore the eyes, nose, and mouth because they’re functional.” Instead, you compare the unique shape of the eyes and the sharp line of the nose in the original to the copy. Similarly, courts look at the specific appearance of functional parts as part of the overall design.

Issue 2: What ‘article’ is the design for?

The Ruling: The patent’s title and claim language limit the scope of protection to the specified ‘article of manufacture.’ (Curver case)

The Analogy: If you patent a “flame decal design for a Lamborghini,” you can’t sue someone for putting the same flame decal on a motorcycle. The patent itself built a fence around “Lamborghini.” Every word in the title and claim matters.

Issue 3: Comparison prior art must play on the same field.

The Ruling: Prior art used for comparison in an infringement case must be from the same ‘article of manufacture.’ (Columbia Sportswear case)

The Analogy: In a patent lawsuit over a ‘three-tiered wedding cake’ design, a defendant can only use other ‘cake’ designs as evidence. They can’t argue, “This pattern was used on building tiles,” because a cake buyer doesn’t judge a cake’s novelty based on tile designs.

 

5. The Hidden Ace: ITC Litigation and Its Overwhelming Advantages ๐Ÿš€

The true power of a design patent is often revealed in litigation, especially at the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). The ITC is not just a court; it’s a quasi-judicial agency with the powerful authority to block the importation of infringing goods into the United States.

A. The Power of Design Patents Proven by Numbers

Statistically, design patents have a much higher success rate in ITC investigations than utility patents.

๐Ÿ“Š Overwhelming Success Rates at the ITC

  • General Exclusion Order (GEO) Win Rate: Cases with design patents (59%) vs. cases with only utility patents (13%).
  • Overall Violation Finding Rate: Cases with design patents (82%) vs. cases with only utility patents (55%).

This commanding success rate is largely because the clear, visual nature of a design patent’s scope makes infringement easier to prove compared to complex utility patent claims.

B. The Strategic Advantages of ITC Litigation

  • Speed: While district court litigation can take 3-5 years, the ITC reaches a final decision within 15-18 months, allowing for a swift defense of the market.
  • Powerful Remedies: Instead of calculating monetary damages, if infringement is found, the ITC issues an Exclusion Order that blocks all infringing products at the border. This is the ultimate weapon to shut a competitor out of the U.S. market.
  • Immense Settlement Leverage: The threat of a fast and powerful exclusion order provides enormous leverage. It can force competitors into favorable licensing agreements or design changes, often resolving disputes before a final decision is even reached.

 

6. Global Protection and Practical Strategy ✍️

A. The Hague System: One Application, Global Reach!

The Hague Agreement is an international registration system that allows you to file for design protection in multiple countries with a single application, making it a cornerstone of any global strategy.

Advantages of the Hague System Strategic Considerations
Centralized Filing/Management: File in over about 90 countries using a single language (English) and currency (Swiss Francs). All major markets joined: Even China, one of the most important markets, acceded in 2022.
Cost-Effective: Significantly reduces costs for local agents and translations, making initial filing cheaper. Differing Drawing Standards: WIPO’s drawing requirements may not meet the strict standards of some countries, like the U.S., potentially leading to objections or rejections.
Faster Process: The procedure is generally faster than filing directly in each country. National Substantive Examination: WIPO handles formalities, but each country’s patent office examines the application based on its own laws.

B. Other Legal Strengths and Practical Tips

Design patents boast high allowance rates and survival rates in invalidity challenges. Furthermore, in case of infringement, patent holders can seek the infringer’s ‘total profit’ under 35 U.S.C. § 289—a powerful remedy highlighted by the landmark Apple v. Samsung case. To secure and defend your rights effectively, conducting a Freedom to Operate (FTO) search before launching and gathering evidence of secondary considerations are no longer optional—they are essential.

๐Ÿš€

A New Era for Design Patent Strategy

Key Shift (LKQ Ruling): A 30-year-old obviousness standard is gone, increasing invalidity risks from broader prior art combinations.
Infringement Standard: Infringement is judged by the ‘ordinary observer,’ who considers the overall appearance and potential for confusion.
The Ultimate Weapon (ITC):
With dominant win rates, an ITC action is the fastest and most powerful way to block infringing imports.
The New Strategy: Success now requires a holistic approach that integrates secondary considerations, a global portfolio, and litigation strategy.

 

Conclusion: A New Paradigm Demands a Holistic Approach

The 2024 LKQ decision marked a paradigm shift in U.S. design patent practice. It’s no longer enough to simply file a patent for a beautiful design. We’ve entered an era where an integrated IP strategy—one that considers how to defend rights in a new legal environment, how to expand them globally, and how to leverage them in disputes—is essential.

Building a global portfolio through the Hague System, leveraging the powerful remedies of the ITC, and proactively gathering evidence of secondary considerations, which have grown in importance post-LKQ, are the three pillars of a successful design patent strategy going forward. If you have any more questions, feel free to leave a comment!

※ Legal Notice ※
This blog post is for general informational purposes only and cannot substitute for legal advice on specific matters. Please be sure to consult with a professional regarding individual legal issues.

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ, 30๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋ณ€: LKQ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ดํ›„ ์™„๋ฒฝ ๋Œ€์‘ ์ „๋žต

 

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์™„์ „ ์ •๋ณต: ์ตœ์‹  ํŒ๋ก€, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „๋žต, ITC ์†Œ์†ก๊นŒ์ง€ (์ตœ์ข… ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ณด๊ฐ•ํŒ) ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ณง ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 30๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ํŒ๋ก€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์‹  USPTO ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ถœ์› ์ „๋žต๊นŒ์ง€, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

“๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ „๋ถ€๋‹ค”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง, ์š”์ฆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™€๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ‘์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋А๋ƒ’๋Š” ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ‘๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง‰์ƒ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋А๊ปด์ง€๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .

์˜ค๋Š˜, ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 30๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ๋ฆ„, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ตœ์‹  ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€! ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ‘๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํŒ’์„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ˜Š

 

1. ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ: ๋ฌด์—‡์„, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๋‚˜? ๐Ÿค”

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ์ œ171์กฐ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ “์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ(article of manufacture)์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ (new), ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ(original), ์žฅ์‹์ ์ธ(ornamental) ๋””์ž์ธ”์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ‘๊ธฐ๋Šฅ’์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ‘์™ธ๊ด€’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด๋„, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .

๐Ÿ’ก ์•Œ์•„๋‘์„ธ์š”! ‘์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ’์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ‘์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ’์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(GUI)๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋””์ž์ธ๋„ ‘๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํ™”๋ฉด’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ‘์žฅ์‹์„ฑ(Ornamental)’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด(์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด) ์žฅ์‹์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์›์€ ‘๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋””์ž์ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(alternative designs test)’๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด “๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?”๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ”ง ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋””์ž์ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ: ‘์—ด์‡ ’ ๋น„์œ 

์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.

  • ์—ด์‡ ์˜ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ (๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ): ์—ด์‡ ์˜ ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ž๋ฌผ์‡ ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ‘๊ธฐ๋Šฅ’ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ์ž๋ฌผ์‡ ๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ . ์ฆ‰, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ‘๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋””์ž์ธ’์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์—ด์‡ ์˜ ์†์žก์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„ (์žฅ์‹์ ): ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์—ด์‡ ์˜ ์†์žก์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋„ค๋ชจ, ๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ, ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋“ฑ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋„ ‘์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค’๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ‘๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋””์ž์ธ’์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์†์žก์ด ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ์žฅ์‹์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

2. ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ vs ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ: ‘๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒฝ ๐ŸŽจ

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์น˜์–ด๋ฆฌ๋” ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ‘๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(separability)’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋…์ ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•…์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒํ—ค์ณ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ€. ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ

๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: “์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋งŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .

๐Ÿ’ก Star Athletica 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  1. ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜?: ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ(๋ฌด๋Šฌ, ์ƒ‰์ƒ ๋“ฑ)๋งŒ ‘๋งˆ์Œ์†์œผ๋กœ’ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
  2. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜?: ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ทธ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ(์˜ˆ: ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ์กฐ๊ฐ)์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?

๐Ÿš— ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ: ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด vs. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด

์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด: ๋ฐ”ํ€ด์˜ ‘๋™๊ทธ๋ž€ ๋ชจ์–‘’์€ ‘๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ„๋‹ค’๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋ฐ”ํ€ด: ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ‘๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ’๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? ์ด ๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋Š” ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋งŒ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค์— ๊ทธ๋ ค๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ‘๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ’๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์น˜์–ด๋ฆฌ๋” ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ V์ž ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋‚˜ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์›์€ ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚˜. Varsity Brands์˜ 200๊ฐœ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๊ฐ€?

๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Varsity Brands๋Š” ์ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋“ฑ์— ์—…๊ณ , ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ 200๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ํŽผ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

⚠️ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ‘๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ’์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ
Varsity์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ—ˆ์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด, ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„: 15๋…„(๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ 100๋…„ ์ด์ƒ(์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ)์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณด.
  • ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ํšŒํ”ผ: USPTO์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์—†์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํš๋“.
  • ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ: ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํ™•๋ณด.

V์ž ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„, ์„ ์˜ ๊ตต๊ธฐ, ์ƒ‰์ƒ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ Varsity๋Š” ์˜๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 80%, ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ๊ณผ์ œ

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ: ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์žฅ์‹์  ‘์™ธ๊ด€’ ๋ณดํ˜ธ
  • ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ: ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ‘ํ‘œํ˜„’ ๋ณดํ˜ธ
  • ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ: ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ‘์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ’ ๋ณดํ˜ธ

Varsity๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ณต ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œํ•œ์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’ฌ Justice Breyer์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ

Star Athletica ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋‹น์‹œ, Breyer ๋Œ€๋ฒ•๊ด€์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์—์„œ “Varsity๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ V์ž์™€ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์šฉํ’ˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด 3์ฐจ์› ์น˜์–ด๋ฆฌ๋” ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค”๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด ์˜จ ์˜๋ฅ˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋…์ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•˜๊ธ‰์‹ฌ๋“ค์€ ‘์–‡์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(Thin Separability)’ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

3. ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๐Ÿ”

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ‘์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ’๊ณผ ‘์นจํ•ด’๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€, ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ‘๋น„์ž๋ช…์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ’์™€ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ’๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ€. ์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ’

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ 1871๋…„ Gorham ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  2008๋…„ Egyptian Goddess ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ์žฌํ™•์ธ๋œ ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(Ordinary Observer Test)’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

“์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ, ์นจํ•ด ์˜์‹ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ •๋„์ธ๊ฐ€?”

๐Ÿ“ฑ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ: ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ๋น„์œ 

A๋ผ๋Š” ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์ผ€์ด์Šค(์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ)๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.

  • ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž’๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ? ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋‚˜? B์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ A์‚ฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋กœ๊ณ ๋งŒ ์‚ด์ง ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ‘์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ธ์ƒ’์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ B์‚ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด A์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ํ˜•ํƒœ(์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ)์™€๋งŒ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋น„๊ต์˜ ‘๊ธฐ์ค€์ ’ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚˜. 30๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋ณ€: ๋น„์ž๋ช…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ (LKQ v. GM)

2024๋…„ 5์›”, CAFC๋Š” LKQ v. GM ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋˜ Rosen-Durling ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์šฉ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ‘Graham 4์š”์†Œ’ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿณ ์š”๋ฆฌ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด

  • ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ (Rosen-Durling): ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”๋ฆฌ(๋””์ž์ธ)์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ‘๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ ˆ์‹œํ”ผ(ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ 1์ฐจ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ)’์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ ˆ์‹œํ”ผ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ(2์ฐจ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ํ˜„์žฌ (Graham): ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ(๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , “์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ?”๋ผ๋Š” ‘๋™๊ธฐ’๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

LKQ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ ๋ฌดํšจ ๋„์ „์€ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ง‰์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฌดํšจ๋Š” ‘๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ(clear and convincing evidence)’๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ’๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นจํ•ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌดํšจ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ƒ์—…์  ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ‘2์ฐจ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ’๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

⚠️ USPTO์˜ ๋ฐœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ์ตœ์‹  ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ (MPEP ๊ฐœ์ •)
ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์งํ›„, USPTO๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด Graham 4์š”์†Œ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, GUI ๋“ฑ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ MPEP §1504.01(a)์— ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ , 2025๋…„ 8์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์‹ ์†์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

4. ์ตœ์‹  ํŒ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๐Ÿ›️

CAFC๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์Ÿ์  ①: ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”์†Œ, ์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋‚˜?

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ‘์™ธ๊ด€’๋„ ์นจํ•ด ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (Ethicon, Sport Dimension ํŒ๊ฒฐ)

๋น„์œ : ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”์˜ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ, “๋ˆˆ, ์ฝ”, ์ž…์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์ž”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  “์›๋ณธ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ฝ”์˜ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์„ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์ฃ . ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ‘์™ธ๊ด€’์ด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์‚ดํ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์Ÿ์  ②: ‘์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด’์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ œ๋ชฉ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ‘์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ’์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (Curver ํŒ๊ฒฐ)

๋น„์œ : “๋žŒ๋ณด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ ์ „์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋ฐ์นผ”๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ‘์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด’์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ ํŒ”์•„๋„ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ “๋žŒ๋ณด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ”๋กœ ์ณ ๋†“์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•ญ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์Ÿ์  ③: ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šด๋™์žฅ์—์„œ!

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ‘์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผํ’ˆ’์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (Columbia Sportswear ํŒ๊ฒฐ)

๋น„์œ : ‘3๋‹จ ์›จ๋”ฉ ์ผ€์ดํฌ’ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ‘์ผ€์ดํฌ’ ๋””์ž์ธ๋งŒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. “์ด ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ ํƒ€์ผ์—๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค”๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ผ€์ดํฌ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

5. ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ํžˆ๋“ ์นด๋“œ: ITC ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์••๋„์  ๊ฐ•์  ๐Ÿš€

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํž˜์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ์œ„์›ํšŒ(ITC) ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ITC๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ‘์ˆ˜์ž…’ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ค€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ€. ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ

ITC ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ“Š ITC์—์„œ์˜ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ 

  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ช…๋ น(GEO) ํš๋“๋ฅ : ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(59%) vs ์‹ค์šฉ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(13%)
  • ์ „์ฒด ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์ธ์ •๋ฅ : ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(82%) vs ์‹ค์šฉ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(55%)

์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์นจํ•ด ์ž…์ฆ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚˜. ITC ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์ด์ 

  • ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ: ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ•์› ์†Œ์†ก์ด 3~5๋…„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ITC๋Š” 15~18๊ฐœ์›” ๋‚ด์— ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ ธ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ: ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋ฉด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์นจํ•ด์ž์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น(Exclusion Order)์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ(Settlement Leverage): ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

6. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ฌด ์ „๋žต ✍️

๊ฐ€. ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ: ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ!

ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ํ˜‘์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ถœ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ถœ์› ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „๋žต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์žฅ์  ์ „๋žต์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ
๋‹จ์ผ ์ถœ์›/๊ด€๋ฆฌ: ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด(์˜์–ด), ํ†ตํ™”(์Šค์œ„์Šค ํ”„๋ž‘)๋กœ ์•ฝ 90๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ด์ƒ์— ์ถœ์› ๋ฐ ๊ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. ์ฃผ์š” ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ž…: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋„ 2022๋…„ ๊ฐ€์ž….
๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ: ๊ฐ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์„ ์ž„, ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ €๋ ด. ๋„๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด: WIPO์˜ ๋„๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„๋ฉด ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ณด์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ถœ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฆ„. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์‹ค์ฒด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ: ํ˜•์‹ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” WIPO๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋“ฑ๋ก ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ์ด ์ž๊ตญ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง„ํ–‰.

๋‚˜. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ•์  ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ฌด ํŒ

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ ์‹ฌํŒ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์นจํ•ด ์‹œ ‘์ด ์ด์ต(total profit)’ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Apple v. Samsung ์†Œ์†ก์€ ์ด ์ œ๋„์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœ์› ์ „ ์ž์œ ์‹ค์‹œ์กฐ์‚ฌ(FTO)์™€ 2์ฐจ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿš€

๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€

ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™” (LKQ ํŒ๊ฒฐ): 30๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋น„์ž๋ช…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋” ๋„“์€ ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌดํšจ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€.
์นจํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ‘์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž’๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด์  ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ.
๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ (ITC):
์••๋„์  ์Šน๋ฅ ์˜ ITC ์†Œ์†ก์€ ์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์นด๋“œ.
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต: ์ด์ œ๋Š” 2์ฐจ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค, ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ.

 

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„, ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๋‹ต์ด๋‹ค

2024๋…„ LKQ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‹ค๋ฌด๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ถœ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฒ•์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ‘ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  IP ์ „๋žต’์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ITC์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ํ™œ์šฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  LKQ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ปค์ง„ 2์ฐจ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์š”์†Œ์˜ ์„ ์ œ์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ํ™•๋ณด. ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ „๋žต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“  ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”!

※ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ ์ง€ (Legal Notice) ※
๋ณธ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This blog post is for general informational purposes only and cannot substitute for legal advice on specific matters. Please be sure to consult with a professional regarding individual legal issues.

Sunday, September 21, 2025

Does Exporting Equal Patent Infringement? A U.S. vs. Korea Breakdown of New 2025 Laws

US Capitol and Korean Gwanghwamun Gate with a patent symbol

 

Blogging_CS |

Redrawing the Borders of Patent Rights in a Global Era

Have you ever wondered about this? If you make parts in Korea, send them to China for assembly, and then sell the final product in the U.S. market, can you avoid infringing a Korean patent? In the past, that might have been possible. But not anymore. The traditional principle of territoriality—that a patent is only enforceable in the country where it was granted—is constantly evolving to keep up with the global business environment.

This is especially true in an age where it's common to source components from all over the world, assemble them in another country, and sell them in a third. The U.S. and South Korea, in particular, have been grappling with these kinds of patent circumvention strategies. Both countries have developed their laws in different ways to regulate the cross-border act of exporting. Today, we're going to dive deep into the fascinating evolution of their laws.

Part 1: The Evolution of U.S. Law - Legislature Fills a Judicial Gap

Let's start with the U.S. story. It all began with a famous 1972 Supreme Court case, Deepsouth Packing Co. v. Laitram Corp. At the time, the Court ruled that exporting components of a patented invention for assembly abroad was not infringement. Why? Because the Patent Act only prohibited the act of “making” the invention within the U.S. In essence, the ruling was seen as a roadmap for how to get around a U.S. patent. This created one of the most infamous legal loopholes in U.S. patent history: the “Deepsouth Loophole.”

As you can imagine, this caused an uproar. Patent holders were outraged by this disastrous decision, and eventually, Congress had to step in. Twelve years later, in 1984, Congress responded to the Supreme Court's "invitation" by enacting 35 U.S.C. § 271(f), which completely closed the loophole. The genius of this provision was that it shifted the focus of infringement from the overseas “assembly” to the domestic “supply of components.” It was a brilliant solution that respected the territoriality principle while still having an extraterritorial effect.

๐Ÿ’ก Good to Know: The Two Blades of U.S. Patent Law § 271(f) This section regulates infringement in two different scenarios, and it's a crucial distinction.
  • (f)(1) The Quantity Approach: This applies when you supply “all or a substantial portion” of the components of a patented invention from the U.S. in a way that “actively induces” the combination abroad. Here, substantial portion means the number of components—the quantity.
  • (f)(2) The Quality Approach: This applies when you supply even a single component, as long as it's a key component “especially made or adapted” for the invention and not a staple article of commerce, knowing it's for the invention and intending for it to be assembled abroad.

In the end, the U.S. followed a classic path where the judiciary's strict interpretation of the law created a clear loophole, and the legislature stepped in to fix it by defining a new type of infringement. This approach was faithful to the principle of separation of powers while also responding to the needs of the industry.

Part 2: The Evolution of Korean Law - Judicial Evolution, Legislative Completion

So, what about South Korea? Its approach has been quite different from that of the U.S. Instead of creating a new law, Korea chose to gradually expand the scope of its regulations by reinterpreting existing laws. However, as the limitations of relying solely on case law became apparent, the legislature finally stepped in to ensure legal stability.

In the past, Korean courts were hesitant to find patent infringement for the export of components or semi-finished products. However, in cases like the “Suture Anchor Case” (2019Da222782), the Supreme Court began to carve out exceptions, suggesting that even if a product was incomplete, the domestic “production” could be considered direct infringement if it embodied the substantial value of the patent and required only minor processing abroad.

But there was a consensus that these judicial exceptions weren't enough. Finally, the amended Patent Act, effective July 22, 2025, will put this issue to rest.

The Core of the 2025 Patent Act Amendment: Codifying "Export"

The key change in this amendment is the explicit inclusion of “export” in the definition of “working” a patent (Article 2) and as an act of infringement (Article 127). Now, patent holders can directly sue for an injunction or damages based on the act of exporting an infringing product. There are three important goals behind this change:

  1. Closing a Legal Gap: It fixes the legislative loophole identified in cases like the Nokia ruling, which failed to prevent infringing products made in Korea from being shipped overseas.
  2. Harmonizing the Legal System: It aligns the Patent Act with other IP laws like the Design Protection Act and Trademark Act, which already considered “export” as infringement, and harmonizes it with major countries like Japan and Germany.
  3. Strengthening Protections for Rights Holders: Previously, one had to prove the complex act of domestic “production.” Now, infringement can be claimed based on the act of “export” alone, significantly reducing the burden of proof.

Part 3: How the New Law and Case Law Work Together

You might be asking, “So now, is exporting any unfinished product automatically patent infringement?” The short answer is no. The amended law and existing case law (the Suture Anchor Case) don't conflict with each other; they are complementary regulations that apply to different situations.

The fundamental principle of patent infringement is the “all-elements rule,” which means a product must include every element of a patent claim to infringe. The amended law regulates the act of exporting, but it doesn't change what is being exported. Therefore, for the new law to apply, the exported item must already be a “finished product” or a “dedicated component” that constitutes indirect infringement on its own.

This is where the Suture Anchor Case becomes important. This ruling created a legal doctrine for finding direct infringement as an exception for “unfinished products” if they meet four very strict criteria, even if they aren't dedicated components, as long as the quantity is substantial.

An Interesting Parallel in U.S.-Korea Law

It's fascinating to compare the laws of the two countries. It's as if they took different paths but arrived at a similar destination.

  • Korea's Patent Act Article 127 (indirect infringement) regulates the production and sale of “dedicated components” used only for infringement. This is functionally similar to how U.S. Patent Law § 271(f)(2) regulates the export of “especially made key components.” (Regulating the quality/nature of key components)
  • The Korean Supreme Court's “Suture Anchor Case” allows for direct infringement in exceptional cases where an unfinished product includes “substantially all” of the components. This plays a role corresponding to how U.S. Patent Law § 271(f)(1) regulates the export of “all or a substantial portion” of components. (Regulating the substantial quantity of components)

Part 4: A Comparative Analysis - The Decisive Differences

Faced with the same problem of patent circumvention through exports, the U.S. and Korea came up with very different solutions. The process of how these laws were made—the “path of legal development”—clearly shows the different roles of the judiciary and legislature in each country.

Category United States (‘Judiciary → Legislature’ Model) South Korea (‘Judiciary → Judiciary → Legislature’ Model)
Path of Legal Development After the Supreme Court clearly identified a legal gap in the Deepsouth ruling and called for legislative action, Congress solved the problem by creating § 271(f). This is a classic model of division of labor: the judiciary identifies the problem, and the legislature solves it. After the Supreme Court established a strict principle in the Nokia case, it created an exception to that principle in the Suture Anchor Case, thus performing a law-making function. The legislature later adopted this direction and codified “export” to complete the legal framework. This is closer to a model of “dynamic interaction.”
Approach to Infringement Indirect Infringement Model (inducing/contributing to overseas assembly) Direct Infringement Model (the act of exporting itself)
Key Burden of Proof Proving the defendant’s subjective intent (inducement, knowledge) is crucial. Proving the objective fact (infringing product, act of export) is sufficient.

The biggest difference is the “approach to infringement.” The U.S. treats the export of components as “indirect infringement” that contributes to an infringement that will happen overseas, while Korea treats the act of “exporting” itself as a completed “direct infringement.” This fundamentally changes what a patent holder has to prove in court. In the U.S., you have to prove that “the defendant had bad intentions,” but in Korea, you just have to prove the objective fact that “the defendant exported this product.”

Part 5: Strategic Takeaways for Your Business

These complex legal changes present significant challenges for companies operating in the global supply chain. The naive assumption that you only need to worry about patents in your own country is no longer valid.

  1. Analyze Patent Risk Across the Entire Supply Chain: From product planning and sourcing components (from Korea, the U.S.) to production, assembly (in a third country), and final sales, you must conduct a comprehensive analysis of patent infringement risks. You need to check if sourcing components from Korea falls under the Suture Anchor Case criteria, or if sourcing from the U.S. falls under § 271(f).
  2. Refine International Contracts: When signing contracts with overseas partners for component supply or manufacturing, it's now essential to include clauses that clearly define liability in the event of patent infringement. Be sure to specify the final sales regions and uses of the products to avoid unexpected disputes.
  3. Prepare for Jurisdictional and Legal Application Issues: If a U.S. parent company instructs its Korean subsidiary to produce and export an infringing product, you need to anticipate in which country a lawsuit might be filed and under which laws. The jurisdictional issues are becoming much more complex.
⚠️ A Word of Caution!
This content is for general informational purposes to help understand complex legal issues and does not constitute legal advice. For legal judgments or strategic planning on individual cases, you must consult with a qualified patent attorney.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What exactly was the "Deepsouth Loophole" in the U.S.?
A: It was a workaround where a company could make all the parts of a patented product in the U.S. and then do the final assembly just outside the country. In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled this wasn't “making” the invention in the U.S., which made it a legal way to avoid patent infringement. Congress finally closed this loophole with a new law in 1984.
Q: Does Korea's "Suture Anchor Case" ruling always apply to the export of unfinished products?
A: No, it only applies in very strict and exceptional cases. Four conditions must be met: ① the part produced in Korea must contain almost all the substantial value of the patent, ② it can be completed with only minor additions/replacements/removals, ③ it's clear the buyer will make it into a finished product, and ④ the situation is substantially identical to producing the finished product in Korea.
Q: With the new Korean law in 2025, will exporting any component now be considered patent infringement?
A: No. The amended law adds the “act of exporting” as infringement, but it doesn't change the definition of an infringing “item.” Therefore, the exported item must either be a “finished product” that includes all elements of the patent or a “dedicated component” with no other practical use. Exporting general-purpose components is still not direct infringement.

[์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ถ„์„] 2025๋…„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •, ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ œ์™€ ๋น„๊ต)

 

Blogging_CS |

๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค

ํ˜น์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ƒ ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋’ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํŒ”๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ‘ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํž˜์„ ์“ด๋‹ค’๋Š” ์†์ง€์ฃผ์˜ ์›์น™์ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.

ํŠนํžˆ ์š”์ฆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•ด ์ œ3๊ตญ์— ํŒŒ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ํ”ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ์ด๋Ÿฐ ‘ํŠนํ—ˆ ํšŒํ”ผ’ ์ „๋žต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณจ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•“๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ƒ…์ƒ…์ด ํŒŒํ—ค์ณ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ œ1๋ถ€: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” - ‘์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ, ์ž…๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๋‹ค’

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹จ์€ 1972๋…„ ‘Deepsouth’๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ‘๋ชจ๋“ ’ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์ด ‘์ œ์กฐ(make)’ ํ–‰์œ„๋งŒ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ๋ญ, ๋Œ€๋†“๊ณ  ‘์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํŠนํ—ˆ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”’๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ์…ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ํ—ˆ์ , ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ‘Deepsouth Loophole’์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋‚œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์•™๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 1984๋…„, ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ‘์ดˆ๋Œ€’์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋“ฏ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ์ œ271์กฐ (f)ํ•ญ์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ‘์กฐ๋ฆฝ’์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์˜ ‘๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰’ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ์†์ง€์ฃผ์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžŒ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’ก ์•Œ์•„๋‘์„ธ์š”! ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• § 271(f)์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์นผ๋‚  ์ด ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ทœ์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ์˜ˆ์š”.
  • (f)(1) ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ถ€: ํŠนํ—ˆํ’ˆ์˜ ‘๋ชจ๋“  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ‘์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„’ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ‘์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„’์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์ฆ‰ ์–‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์š”.
  • (f)(2) ์งˆ๋กœ ์Šน๋ถ€: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ‘ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ(staple article์ด ์•„๋‹Œ)’ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํŠนํ—ˆํ’ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ‘ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ’์ž„์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ํ—ˆ์ ์„, ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์นจํ•ด ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ‘๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ(์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€)์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ(์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€)’์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ ์›์น™์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .

์ œ2๋ถ€: ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” - ‘์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ง„ํ™”, ์ž…๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค’

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”? ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ญ‡ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ• ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ‘ํ•ด์„’์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ๋ก€์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ž, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ ๋ฒ•์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .

๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์ œํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’(2019๋‹ค222782) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ • ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ‘์ƒ์‚ฐ’ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ํ•ด์„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 2025๋…„ 7์›” 22์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ • ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ข…์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2025๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ: ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์˜ ๋ช…๋ฌธํ™”

์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐœ์ •์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ(์ •์˜)์™€ ์ œ127์กฐ(์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„)์— ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์„ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ์„ ํ•ด์™ธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ‘์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด’๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจํ•ด๊ธˆ์ง€๋‚˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ํ•ด์†Œ: ‘๋…ธํ‚ค์•„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ œ์กฐ ์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์œ ์ถœ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ—ˆ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ •๋น„: ์ด๋ฏธ ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์„ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋˜ ๋””์ž์ธ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•, ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ·๋…์ผ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  3. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ฐ•ํ™”: ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ‘์ƒ์‚ฐ’ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ž…์ฆ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ œ3๋ถ€: ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํŒ๋ก€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊นŒ?

“๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ํŒ๋ก€(๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ)๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€์›์น™์€ ‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ์™„๋น„์˜ ์›์น™(All Elements Rule)’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์•ผ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์€ ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ–‰์œ„’๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•  ๋ฟ, ‘๋ฌด์—‡์„’ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ‘์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์นจํ•ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ‘์ „์šฉํ’ˆ’์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋น ์ง„ ‘๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ’์ด๋ผ๋„, ์•„์ฃผ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ‘์ƒ์‚ฐ’ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•„ ์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์šฉํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์–‘์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?

ํ•œ-๋ฏธ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋ก 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.

  • ํ•œ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ์ œ127์กฐ(๊ฐ„์ ‘์นจํ•ด)๋Š” ์นจํ•ด์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ‘์ „์šฉํ’ˆ’์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ·์–‘๋„ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• § 271(f)(2)๊ฐ€ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ‘ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ’์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ทœ์ œ)
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’์€ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ‘์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ’๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• § 271(f)(1)์ด ‘๋ชจ๋“  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„’์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ทœ์ œ)

์ œ4๋ถ€: ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์ฐจ์ด

‘์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ ํšŒํ”ผ’๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ‘๋ฒ•์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ’๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€์™€ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ (‘์‚ฌ๋ฒ• → ์ž…๋ฒ•’ ๋ถ„์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ) ํ•œ๊ตญ (‘์‚ฌ๋ฒ• → ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• → ์ž…๋ฒ•’ ๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
๋ฒ•์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ‘Deepsouth ํŒ๊ฒฐ’๋กœ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์ž, ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ § 271(f)๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ ์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ‘๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ(์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€)์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ(์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€)’์˜ ๋ถ„์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ‘๋…ธํ‚ค์•„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’๋กœ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์›์น™์„ ์„ธ์šด ๋’ค, ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ• ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์„ ๋ช…๋ฌธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ‘๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ’ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์นจํ•ด ๊ทœ์œจ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์นจํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ (ํ•ด์™ธ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ ๋„/๊ธฐ์—ฌ) ์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ (์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด)
์ž…์ฆ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ‘์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์˜๋„’ (์œ ๋„, ์ธ์‹) ์ž…์ฆ์ด ์ค‘์š” ‘๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค’ (์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ, ์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ–‰์œ„) ์ž…์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„

๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ‘์นจํ•ด ๊ทœ์œจ ๋ฐฉ์‹’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ‘๊ฐ„์ ‘์นจํ•ด’๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™„๊ฒฐ๋œ ‘์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด’๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ์ž…์ฆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” “ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด์š””๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” “ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ–ˆ์–ด์š””๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .

์ œ5๋ถ€: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ 

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋งŒ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ˆ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ด์ œ ์ •๋ง ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ ๋ถ„์„: ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ธฐํš ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ(ํ•œ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ), ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์กฐ๋ฆฝ(์ œ3๊ตญ), ์ตœ์ข… ํŒ๋งค ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•ด ์ œ3๊ตญ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’ ์š”๊ฑด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด § 271(f)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ์˜ ์ •๊ตํ™”: ํ•ด์™ธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ณ„์•ฝ, ์œ„ํƒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ์ด์ œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ์ข… ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ํŒ๋งค ์ง€์—ญ, ์šฉ๋„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  3. ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋Œ€๋น„: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์นจํ•ดํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ/์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์–ด๋А ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค„์งˆ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ์Ÿ์ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
⚠️ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ž๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž์ฃผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ (FAQ)

Q: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ‘Deepsouth Loophole’์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
A: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ค ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋†“๊ณ , ๋”ฑ ์ตœ์ข… ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ผผ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ตœ์ข… ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋•…์—์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ ‘์ƒ์‚ฐ’ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ํšŒํ”ผ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ . ์ดํ›„ 1984๋…„ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ํ—ˆ์ ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Q: ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ‘๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ’์€ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
A: ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ① ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ , ② ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€/๋Œ€์ฒด/์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ③ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์™„์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ④ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Q: 2025๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด, ์ด์ œ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•ด๋„ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
A: ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์€ ‘์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ–‰์œ„’๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€, ์นจํ•ด ‘๋ฌผ๊ฑด’์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ‘์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ‘์ „์šฉํ’ˆ’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง์ ‘์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Saturday, September 20, 2025

Can AI Be Your Paralegal? (Only if You Follow This 5-Step Verification Process)

A legal professional works on a laptop, symbolizing the intersection of law and AI technology.

 

Blogging_CS · · 10 min read

Generative AI promises to revolutionize the speed of legal research, but a critical pitfall lies hidden beneath the surface: “AI hallucinations.” Because AI can fabricate non-existent case law that looks authentic, legal professionals are now facing the paradox of spending more time verifying AI outputs than it would have taken to draft the work themselves.

This isn’t a hypothetical concern. In Mata v. Avianca, a case in the Southern District of New York, attorneys faced sanctions for submitting a brief containing fake judicial opinions generated by AI. Even more striking is Noland v. Land, where the California Court of Appeal sanctioned an attorney for filing a brief in which 21 of 23 case citations were complete fabrications. The penalty was severe: a $10,000 fine, mandatory notification to the client, and a report to the state bar.

These rulings send a clear message: before any discussion of technology, the user’s attitude and responsibility are paramount. Attorneys (including patent attorneys) have a fundamental, non-delegable duty to read and verify every citation in documents submitted to the court, regardless of the source. With the risk of AI hallucinations now widely known, claiming ignorance—“I didn’t know the AI could make things up”—is no longer a viable excuse. Ultimately, the final line of defense is a mindset of professional skepticism: question every AI output and cross-reference every legal basis with its original source.


A 5-Step Practical Workflow for Risk Management

Apply the following five-step workflow to all AI-assisted tasks to systematically manage risk.

  1. Step 1: Define the Task & Select Trusted Data

    Set a clear objective for the AI and personally select the most reliable source materials (e.g., recent case law, statutes, internal documents). Remember that the “Garbage In, Garbage Out” principle applies from the very beginning.

  2. Step 2: Draft with RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)

    Generate the initial draft based on your selected materials. RAG is the most effective anti-hallucination technique, as it forces the AI to base its answers on a trusted external data source you provide, rather than its vast, internal training data.

    Use Case:

    • Drafting an Initial Case Memo: Upload relevant case law, articles, and factual documents to a tool like Google's NotebookLM or Claude. Then, instruct it: “Using only the uploaded documents, summarize the court's criteria for ‘Issue A’ and outline the arguments favorable to our case.” This allows for the rapid creation of a reliable initial memo.
  3. Step 3: Expand Research with Citation-Enabled Tools

    To strengthen or challenge the initial draft's logic, use AI tools that provide source links to broaden your perspective.

    Recommended Tools:

    • Perplexity, Skywork AI: Useful for initial research as they provide source links alongside answers.
    • Gemini's Deep Research feature: Capable of comprehensive analysis on complex legal issues with citations.

    Pitfall:

    • Source Unreliability: The AI may link to personal blogs or irrelevant content. An AI-provided citation is not a verified fact; it must be checked manually.
  4. Step 4: Cross-Verify with Multiple AIs & Refine with Advanced Prompts

    Critically review the output by posing the same question to two or more AIs (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude) and enhance the quality of the results through sophisticated prompt engineering.

    Key Prompting Techniques:

    • Assign a Role: “You are a U.S. patent attorney with 15 years of experience specializing in the semiconductor field.”
    • Demand Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: “Think step-by-step to reach your conclusion.”
    • Instruct it to Admit Ignorance: “If you do not know the answer, state that you could not find the information rather than guessing.”
  5. Step 5: Final Human Verification - The Most Critical Step

    You must personally check every sentence, every citation, and every legal argument generated by the AI against its original source. To skip this step is to abdicate your professional duty.


Advanced Strategies & Firm-Level Policy

Beyond the daily workflow, firms should establish a policy framework to ensure stability and trust in their use of AI.

  • Establish a Multi-Layered Defense Framework: Consider a formal defense-in-depth approach: (Base Layer) Sophisticated prompts → (Structural Layer) RAG for grounding → (Behavioral Layer) Fine-tuning for specialization. Fine-tuning, using tools like ChatGPT's GPTs or Gemini for Enterprise, can train an AI on your firm's past work to enhance accuracy for specific tasks, but requires careful consideration of cost, overfitting, and confidentiality risks.
  • Implement a Confidence-Based Escalation System: Design an internal system that scores the AI's confidence in its responses. If a score falls below a set threshold (e.g., 85%), the output could be automatically flagged for mandatory human review, creating a secondary safety net.
  • Establish Principles for Billing and Client Notification: AI subscription fees should be treated as overhead, not directly billed to clients. Bill for the professional value created by using AI (e.g., deeper analysis, better strategy), not for the “machine’s time.” Include a general disclosure clause in engagement letters stating that the firm may use secure AI tools to improve efficiency, thereby ensuring transparency with clients.

Conclusion: Final Accountability and the Path Forward

The core of the AI hallucination problem ultimately lies in the professional’s verification mindset. The technologies and workflows discussed today are merely tools. As courts and bar associations have repeatedly warned, the final responsibility rests with the human professional.

“AI is a tool; accountability remains human.”

Only by establishing this principle and combining multi-layered verification strategies with a commitment to direct validation can we use AI safely and effectively. When we invest the time saved by AI into deeper legal analysis and more creative strategy, we evolve into true legal experts of the AI era. AI will not replace you, but the responsibility for documents bearing your name rests solely with you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can I trust the content if the AI provides a source link?
A: Absolutely not. A source link provided by an AI is merely a claim of where it got the information, not a guarantee of accuracy. The AI can misinterpret or distort the source's content. You must click the link, read the original text, and verify that it has been cited correctly and in context.
Q: What is the safest way to use AI with confidential client information?
A: The default should be to use an enterprise-grade, secure AI service contracted by your firm or a private, on-premise LLM. If you must use a public AI, you are required to completely anonymize all identifying information from your queries. Uploading sensitive data to a public AI service is a serious ethical and security violation.
Q: What is the most common mistake legal professionals make when using AI?
A: Skipping Step 5 of the workflow: “Final Human Verification.” Seeing a well-written, plausible-sounding sentence and copy-pasting it without checking the original source is the easiest way to fall into the hallucination trap, with potentially severe consequences.

ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ

ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ ํ”ํžˆ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์”Œ์›Œ, ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ‘๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”’ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ‘์‚ฅ๋œฏ๊ธฐ’์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†...