Showing posts with label Deepsouth Loophole. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Deepsouth Loophole. Show all posts

Sunday, September 21, 2025

Does Exporting Equal Patent Infringement? A U.S. vs. Korea Breakdown of New 2025 Laws

US Capitol and Korean Gwanghwamun Gate with a patent symbol

 

Blogging_CS |

Redrawing the Borders of Patent Rights in a Global Era

Have you ever wondered about this? If you make parts in Korea, send them to China for assembly, and then sell the final product in the U.S. market, can you avoid infringing a Korean patent? In the past, that might have been possible. But not anymore. The traditional principle of territoriality—that a patent is only enforceable in the country where it was granted—is constantly evolving to keep up with the global business environment.

This is especially true in an age where it's common to source components from all over the world, assemble them in another country, and sell them in a third. The U.S. and South Korea, in particular, have been grappling with these kinds of patent circumvention strategies. Both countries have developed their laws in different ways to regulate the cross-border act of exporting. Today, we're going to dive deep into the fascinating evolution of their laws.

Part 1: The Evolution of U.S. Law - Legislature Fills a Judicial Gap

Let's start with the U.S. story. It all began with a famous 1972 Supreme Court case, Deepsouth Packing Co. v. Laitram Corp. At the time, the Court ruled that exporting components of a patented invention for assembly abroad was not infringement. Why? Because the Patent Act only prohibited the act of “making” the invention within the U.S. In essence, the ruling was seen as a roadmap for how to get around a U.S. patent. This created one of the most infamous legal loopholes in U.S. patent history: the “Deepsouth Loophole.”

As you can imagine, this caused an uproar. Patent holders were outraged by this disastrous decision, and eventually, Congress had to step in. Twelve years later, in 1984, Congress responded to the Supreme Court's "invitation" by enacting 35 U.S.C. § 271(f), which completely closed the loophole. The genius of this provision was that it shifted the focus of infringement from the overseas “assembly” to the domestic “supply of components.” It was a brilliant solution that respected the territoriality principle while still having an extraterritorial effect.

πŸ’‘ Good to Know: The Two Blades of U.S. Patent Law § 271(f) This section regulates infringement in two different scenarios, and it's a crucial distinction.
  • (f)(1) The Quantity Approach: This applies when you supply “all or a substantial portion” of the components of a patented invention from the U.S. in a way that “actively induces” the combination abroad. Here, substantial portion means the number of components—the quantity.
  • (f)(2) The Quality Approach: This applies when you supply even a single component, as long as it's a key component “especially made or adapted” for the invention and not a staple article of commerce, knowing it's for the invention and intending for it to be assembled abroad.

In the end, the U.S. followed a classic path where the judiciary's strict interpretation of the law created a clear loophole, and the legislature stepped in to fix it by defining a new type of infringement. This approach was faithful to the principle of separation of powers while also responding to the needs of the industry.

Part 2: The Evolution of Korean Law - Judicial Evolution, Legislative Completion

So, what about South Korea? Its approach has been quite different from that of the U.S. Instead of creating a new law, Korea chose to gradually expand the scope of its regulations by reinterpreting existing laws. However, as the limitations of relying solely on case law became apparent, the legislature finally stepped in to ensure legal stability.

In the past, Korean courts were hesitant to find patent infringement for the export of components or semi-finished products. However, in cases like the “Suture Anchor Case” (2019Da222782), the Supreme Court began to carve out exceptions, suggesting that even if a product was incomplete, the domestic “production” could be considered direct infringement if it embodied the substantial value of the patent and required only minor processing abroad.

But there was a consensus that these judicial exceptions weren't enough. Finally, the amended Patent Act, effective July 22, 2025, will put this issue to rest.

The Core of the 2025 Patent Act Amendment: Codifying "Export"

The key change in this amendment is the explicit inclusion of “export” in the definition of “working” a patent (Article 2) and as an act of infringement (Article 127). Now, patent holders can directly sue for an injunction or damages based on the act of exporting an infringing product. There are three important goals behind this change:

  1. Closing a Legal Gap: It fixes the legislative loophole identified in cases like the Nokia ruling, which failed to prevent infringing products made in Korea from being shipped overseas.
  2. Harmonizing the Legal System: It aligns the Patent Act with other IP laws like the Design Protection Act and Trademark Act, which already considered “export” as infringement, and harmonizes it with major countries like Japan and Germany.
  3. Strengthening Protections for Rights Holders: Previously, one had to prove the complex act of domestic “production.” Now, infringement can be claimed based on the act of “export” alone, significantly reducing the burden of proof.

Part 3: How the New Law and Case Law Work Together

You might be asking, “So now, is exporting any unfinished product automatically patent infringement?” The short answer is no. The amended law and existing case law (the Suture Anchor Case) don't conflict with each other; they are complementary regulations that apply to different situations.

The fundamental principle of patent infringement is the “all-elements rule,” which means a product must include every element of a patent claim to infringe. The amended law regulates the act of exporting, but it doesn't change what is being exported. Therefore, for the new law to apply, the exported item must already be a “finished product” or a “dedicated component” that constitutes indirect infringement on its own.

This is where the Suture Anchor Case becomes important. This ruling created a legal doctrine for finding direct infringement as an exception for “unfinished products” if they meet four very strict criteria, even if they aren't dedicated components, as long as the quantity is substantial.

An Interesting Parallel in U.S.-Korea Law

It's fascinating to compare the laws of the two countries. It's as if they took different paths but arrived at a similar destination.

  • Korea's Patent Act Article 127 (indirect infringement) regulates the production and sale of “dedicated components” used only for infringement. This is functionally similar to how U.S. Patent Law § 271(f)(2) regulates the export of “especially made key components.” (Regulating the quality/nature of key components)
  • The Korean Supreme Court's “Suture Anchor Case” allows for direct infringement in exceptional cases where an unfinished product includes “substantially all” of the components. This plays a role corresponding to how U.S. Patent Law § 271(f)(1) regulates the export of “all or a substantial portion” of components. (Regulating the substantial quantity of components)

Part 4: A Comparative Analysis - The Decisive Differences

Faced with the same problem of patent circumvention through exports, the U.S. and Korea came up with very different solutions. The process of how these laws were made—the “path of legal development”—clearly shows the different roles of the judiciary and legislature in each country.

Category United States (‘Judiciary → Legislature’ Model) South Korea (‘Judiciary → Judiciary → Legislature’ Model)
Path of Legal Development After the Supreme Court clearly identified a legal gap in the Deepsouth ruling and called for legislative action, Congress solved the problem by creating § 271(f). This is a classic model of division of labor: the judiciary identifies the problem, and the legislature solves it. After the Supreme Court established a strict principle in the Nokia case, it created an exception to that principle in the Suture Anchor Case, thus performing a law-making function. The legislature later adopted this direction and codified “export” to complete the legal framework. This is closer to a model of “dynamic interaction.”
Approach to Infringement Indirect Infringement Model (inducing/contributing to overseas assembly) Direct Infringement Model (the act of exporting itself)
Key Burden of Proof Proving the defendant’s subjective intent (inducement, knowledge) is crucial. Proving the objective fact (infringing product, act of export) is sufficient.

The biggest difference is the “approach to infringement.” The U.S. treats the export of components as “indirect infringement” that contributes to an infringement that will happen overseas, while Korea treats the act of “exporting” itself as a completed “direct infringement.” This fundamentally changes what a patent holder has to prove in court. In the U.S., you have to prove that “the defendant had bad intentions,” but in Korea, you just have to prove the objective fact that “the defendant exported this product.”

Part 5: Strategic Takeaways for Your Business

These complex legal changes present significant challenges for companies operating in the global supply chain. The naive assumption that you only need to worry about patents in your own country is no longer valid.

  1. Analyze Patent Risk Across the Entire Supply Chain: From product planning and sourcing components (from Korea, the U.S.) to production, assembly (in a third country), and final sales, you must conduct a comprehensive analysis of patent infringement risks. You need to check if sourcing components from Korea falls under the Suture Anchor Case criteria, or if sourcing from the U.S. falls under § 271(f).
  2. Refine International Contracts: When signing contracts with overseas partners for component supply or manufacturing, it's now essential to include clauses that clearly define liability in the event of patent infringement. Be sure to specify the final sales regions and uses of the products to avoid unexpected disputes.
  3. Prepare for Jurisdictional and Legal Application Issues: If a U.S. parent company instructs its Korean subsidiary to produce and export an infringing product, you need to anticipate in which country a lawsuit might be filed and under which laws. The jurisdictional issues are becoming much more complex.
⚠️ A Word of Caution!
This content is for general informational purposes to help understand complex legal issues and does not constitute legal advice. For legal judgments or strategic planning on individual cases, you must consult with a qualified patent attorney.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What exactly was the "Deepsouth Loophole" in the U.S.?
A: It was a workaround where a company could make all the parts of a patented product in the U.S. and then do the final assembly just outside the country. In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled this wasn't “making” the invention in the U.S., which made it a legal way to avoid patent infringement. Congress finally closed this loophole with a new law in 1984.
Q: Does Korea's "Suture Anchor Case" ruling always apply to the export of unfinished products?
A: No, it only applies in very strict and exceptional cases. Four conditions must be met: ① the part produced in Korea must contain almost all the substantial value of the patent, ② it can be completed with only minor additions/replacements/removals, ③ it's clear the buyer will make it into a finished product, and ④ the situation is substantially identical to producing the finished product in Korea.
Q: With the new Korean law in 2025, will exporting any component now be considered patent infringement?
A: No. The amended law adds the “act of exporting” as infringement, but it doesn't change the definition of an infringing “item.” Therefore, the exported item must either be a “finished product” that includes all elements of the patent or a “dedicated component” with no other practical use. Exporting general-purpose components is still not direct infringement.

[심측 뢄석] 2025λ…„ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• κ°œμ •, ‘수좜’의 λͺ¨λ“  것 (λ―Έκ΅­ λ²•μ œμ™€ 비ꡐ)

 

Blogging_CS |

κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ‹œλŒ€, νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ˜ ꡭ경을 λ‹€μ‹œ 그리닀

ν˜Ήμ‹œ 이런 상상 ν•΄λ³΄μ…¨λ‚˜μš”? μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“  λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μ€‘κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ 보내 μ‘°λ¦½ν•œ λ’€, λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œμž₯에 νŒ”λ©΄ κ΅­λ‚΄ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό ν”Όν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? μ˜ˆμ „μ—λŠ” κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. ‘νŠΉν—ˆλŠ” κ·Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλ§Œ νž˜μ„ μ“΄λ‹€’λŠ” μ†μ§€μ£Όμ˜ 원칙이 κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€ ν™˜κ²½μ— 맞좰 계속 μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.

특히 μš”μ¦˜μ²˜λŸΌ λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ‘°λ‹¬ν•˜κ³ , 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ 쑰립해 제3ꡭ에 νŒŒλŠ” 일이 ν”ν•œ μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” λ”μš± κ·Έλ ‡μ£ . 이런 ‘νŠΉν—ˆ νšŒν”Ό’ μ „λž΅ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 골머리λ₯Ό μ•“λ˜ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό ν•œκ΅­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 두 λ‚˜λΌλŠ” ꡭ경을 λ„˜λ‚˜λ“œλŠ” ‘수좜’ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ·œμ œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 각자 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 법을 λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœ μ™”λŠ”λ°μš”. μ˜€λŠ˜μ€ λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ ν₯λ―Έμ§„μ§„ν•œ λ²•μ˜ μ§„ν™” 과정을 샅샅이 νŒŒν—€μ³ 보렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

제1λΆ€: λ―Έκ΅­ λ²•μ œμ˜ μ§„ν™” - ‘사법이 λ§Œλ“  곡백, μž…λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ©”μš°λ‹€’

λ―Έκ΅­ 이야기뢀터 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”? λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ λ°œλ‹¨μ€ 1972λ…„ ‘Deepsouth’λΌλŠ” 유λͺ…ν•œ νŒκ²°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ―Έκ΅­ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ€ λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ νŠΉν—ˆ 발λͺ…μ˜ ‘λͺ¨λ“ ’ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ , λΆ€ν’ˆ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μˆ˜μΆœν•΄μ„œ ν•΄μ™Έμ—μ„œ μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„λŠ” νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  νŒκ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. νŠΉν—ˆλ²•μ΄ ‘제쑰(make)’ ν–‰μœ„λ§Œμ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . 이건 뭐, λŒ€λ†“κ³  ‘μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ νŠΉν—ˆ ν”Όν•΄ 갈 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”’라고 μ•Œλ €μ€€ μ…ˆμ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이둜 인해 λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ 법적 ν—ˆμ , 이λ₯Έλ°” ‘Deepsouth Loophole’이 νƒ„μƒν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ λ‚œλ¦¬κ°€ 났겠죠? νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžλ“€μ€ μž¬μ•™κ³Όλ„ 같은 이 νŒκ²°μ— λ°˜λ°œν–ˆκ³ , κ²°κ΅­ λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜νšŒκ°€ 직접 λ‚˜μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 12년이 μ§€λ‚œ 1984λ…„, μ˜νšŒλŠ” λŒ€λ²•μ›μ˜ ‘μ΄ˆλŒ€’에 μ‘λ‹΅ν•˜λ“― νŠΉν—ˆλ²• 제271μ‘° (f)항을 μ‹ μ„€ν•΄μ„œ 이 법적 곡백을 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ©”μ›Œλ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 μ‘°ν•­μ˜ 핡심은 μΉ¨ν•΄μ˜ μ΄ˆμ μ„ ν•΄μ™Έμ˜ ‘쑰립’이 μ•„λ‹Œ, λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ˜ ‘λΆ€ν’ˆ 곡급’ ν–‰μœ„λ‘œ 돌린 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ . μ†μ§€μ£Όμ˜ 원칙을 μ§€ν‚€λ©΄μ„œλ„ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ΅­κ²½ λ„ˆλ¨Έμ—κΉŒμ§€ 효λ ₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κΈ°κ°€ λ§‰νžŒ ν•΄λ²•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

πŸ’‘ μ•Œμ•„λ‘μ„Έμš”! λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• § 271(f)의 두 κ°€μ§€ μΉΌλ‚  이 쑰항은 두 κ°€μ§€ 경우λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ κ·œμ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이게 μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ ν¬μΈνŠΈμ˜ˆμš”.
  • (f)(1) μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μŠΉλΆ€: νŠΉν—ˆν’ˆμ˜ ‘λͺ¨λ“  λ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ λΆ€λΆ„’에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λΆ€ν’ˆλ“€μ„ μˆ˜μΆœν•΄μ„œ ν•΄μ™Έ 쑰립을 ‘적극적으둜 μœ λ„’ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ‘μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ λΆ€λΆ„’은 λΆ€ν’ˆμ˜ 개수, 즉 양을 μ˜λ―Έν•΄μš”.
  • (f)(2) 질둜 μŠΉλΆ€: λ‹€λ₯Έ μš©λ„λ‘œλŠ” μ“°κΈ° νž˜λ“  ‘핡심 λΆ€ν’ˆ(staple article이 μ•„λ‹Œ)’ 단 ν•˜λ‚˜λΌλ„, 그게 νŠΉν—ˆν’ˆμ„ μœ„ν•΄ ‘νŠΉλ³„νžˆ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 것’μž„μ„ μ•Œλ©΄μ„œ ν•΄μ™Έ 쑰립을 μ˜λ„ν•˜κ³  μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²°κ΅­ 미ꡭ은 사법뢀가 μ—„κ²©ν•œ 법 ν•΄μ„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ λͺ…λ°±ν•œ ν—ˆμ μ„, μ˜νšŒκ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ¨ν•΄ μœ ν˜•μ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μž…λ²•μ„ 톡해 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” μ „ν˜•μ μΈ ‘문제 제기(사법뢀)와 ν•΄κ²°(μž…λ²•λΆ€)’의 길을 κ±Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꢌλ ₯ 뢄립 원칙에 μΆ©μ‹€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μ‚°μ—…κ³„μ˜ μš”κ΅¬μ— λΆ€μ‘ν•œ μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .

제2λΆ€: ν•œκ΅­ λ²•μ œμ˜ μ§„ν™” - ‘μ‚¬λ²•μ˜ μ§„ν™”, μž…λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ™„μ„±λ˜λ‹€’

κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” μ–΄λ• μ„κΉŒμš”? ν•œκ΅­μ˜ μ ‘κ·Ό 방식은 λ―Έκ΅­κ³ΌλŠ” 사뭇 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 법 쑰항을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”, κΈ°μ‘΄ 법λ₯ μ˜ ‘해석’을 톡해 μ μ§„μ μœΌλ‘œ 규제 λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ„“ν˜€λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 방식을 νƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŒλ‘€μ—λ§Œ μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ ν•œκ³„κ°€ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜μž, λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μž…λ²•λΆ€κ°€ λ‚˜μ„œμ„œ 법적 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” 길을 νƒν–ˆμ£ .

κ³Όκ±° ν•œκ΅­ 법원은 λΆ€ν’ˆμ΄λ‚˜ λ°˜μ œν’ˆ μˆ˜μΆœμ— λŒ€ν•΄ νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ†Œκ·Ήμ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ€ ‘봉합사 판결’(2019λ‹€222782) λ“±μ—μ„œ λ―Έμ™„μ„±ν’ˆμ΄λΌλ„ κ΅­λ‚΄ 생산 뢀뢄이 νŠΉν—ˆμ˜ μ‹€μ§ˆμ  κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜κ³  ν•΄μ™Έμ—μ„œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ°€κ³΅λ§Œ 거치면 μ™„μ„±λ˜λŠ” λ“± νŠΉμ • μš”κ±΄μ„ λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λ©΄, κ΅­λ‚΄ ‘생산’ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό μ§μ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄λ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μΈ 법리λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©° λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λͺ¨μƒ‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ  ν•΄μ„λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ³΅κ°λŒ€κ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 2025λ…„ 7μ›” 22일뢀터 μ‹œν–‰λ˜λŠ” κ°œμ • νŠΉν—ˆλ²•μ€ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— μ’…μ§€λΆ€λ₯Ό 찍게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

2025λ…„ κ°œμ • νŠΉν—ˆλ²•μ˜ 핡심: ‘수좜’의 λͺ…λ¬Έν™”

이번 κ°œμ •μ˜ 핡심은 νŠΉν—ˆλ²• 제2μ‘°(μ •μ˜)와 제127μ‘°(μΉ¨ν•΄λ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” ν–‰μœ„)에 ‘수좜’을 λͺ…μ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이제 νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžλŠ” μΉ¨ν•΄ν’ˆμ„ ν•΄μ™Έλ‘œ μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„ 자체λ₯Ό ‘직접침해’둜 κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  μΉ¨ν•΄κΈˆμ§€λ‚˜ 손해배상을 청ꡬ할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ λ°°κ²½μ—λŠ” μ„Έ κ°€μ§€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  1. 법적 곡백 ν•΄μ†Œ: ‘λ…Έν‚€μ•„ 판결’ λ“±μ—μ„œ ν™•μΈλœ, κ΅­λ‚΄ 제쑰 μΉ¨ν•΄ν’ˆμ˜ ν•΄μ™Έ μœ μΆœμ„ 막지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μž…λ²•μƒ ν—ˆμ μ„ λ³΄μ™„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  2. 법 체계 μ •λΉ„: 이미 ‘수좜’을 μΉ¨ν•΄λ‘œ 보던 λ””μžμΈλ³΄ν˜Έλ²•, μƒν‘œλ²•κ³Ό 체계λ₯Ό λ§žμΆ”κ³ , 일본·λ…일 λ“± μ£Όμš”κ΅­κ³Όμ˜ μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  3. ꢌ리자 보호 κ°•ν™”: κΈ°μ‘΄μ—λŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅­λ‚΄ ‘생산’ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 이제 ‘수좜’ μ‚¬μ‹€λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μ£Όμž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄ μž…μ¦ μ±…μž„μ΄ 크게 μ€„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

제3λΆ€: κ°œμ •λ²•κ³Ό νŒλ‘€, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘λ™ν• κΉŒ?

“그럼 이제 λ―Έμ™„μ„±ν’ˆμ„ μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것도 무쑰건 νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ˜λ‚˜μš”?”라고 λ¬ΌμœΌμ‹€ 수 μžˆκ² λ„€μš”. κ²°λ‘ λΆ€ν„° λ§ν•˜λ©΄, κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°œμ •λ²•κ³Ό κΈ°μ‘΄ νŒλ‘€(봉합사 판결)λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ μΆ©λŒν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 각자 λ‹€λ₯Έ 상황을 κ·œμœ¨ν•˜λŠ” μƒν˜Έλ³΄μ™„μ μΈ 관계에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄μ˜ λŒ€μ›μΉ™μ€ ‘κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œ μ™„λΉ„μ˜ 원칙(All Elements Rule)’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 즉, νŠΉν—ˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό 포함해야 μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ μ„±λ¦½ν•˜μ£ . κ°œμ •λ²•μ€ ‘수좜 ν–‰μœ„’λ₯Ό κ·œμ œν•  뿐, ‘무엇을’ μˆ˜μΆœν–ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈμ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ κ°œμ •λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ 되렀면, μˆ˜μΆœλ˜λŠ” 물건이 이미 ‘μ™„μ„±ν’ˆ’μ΄κ±°λ‚˜, κ·Έ 자체둜 간접침해에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” ‘μ „μš©ν’ˆ’이어야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ°”λ‘œ 이 μ§€μ μ—μ„œ ‘봉합사 판결’의 역할이 μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 νŒλ‘€λŠ” κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œκ°€ 일뢀 λΉ μ§„ ‘λ―Έμ™„μ„±ν’ˆ’이라도, μ•„μ£Ό μ—„κ²©ν•œ 4κ°€μ§€ μš”κ±΄μ„ λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λ©΄ μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅­λ‚΄ ‘생산’ ν–‰μœ„ 자체λ₯Ό μ™„μ„±ν’ˆ 생산과 λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ 보아 μ§μ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄λ‘œ μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” λ²•λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „μš©ν’ˆμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλ”λΌλ„ κ·Έ 양이 μƒλ‹Ήν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ 적용될 수 있겠죠?

ν•œ-λ―Έ λ²•λ¦¬μ˜ ν₯미둜운 평행 이둠

μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 두 λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 법리λ₯Ό 비ꡐ해 보면 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 점을 λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 마치 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 길을 κ±Έμ–΄μ™”μ§€λ§Œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λͺ©μ μ§€μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•œ 것 κ°™κ±°λ“ μš”.

  • ν•œκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• 제127μ‘°(κ°„μ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄)λŠ” μΉ¨ν•΄μ—λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” ‘μ „μš©ν’ˆ’의 생산·μ–‘도 ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ·œμ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• § 271(f)(2)κ°€ μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ ‘νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μ œμž‘λœ 핡심 λΆ€ν’ˆ’의 μˆ˜μΆœμ„ κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 것과 κΈ°λŠ₯적으둜 μœ μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (핡심 λΆ€ν’ˆμ˜ 질적 μ‚¬μš© 규제)
  • ν•œκ΅­ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ˜ ‘봉합사 판결’은 λ―Έμ™„μ„±ν’ˆμ΄λΌλ„ ‘μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ λͺ¨λ“  κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œ’κ°€ ν¬ν•¨λœ 경우 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μœΌλ‘œ 직접침해λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• § 271(f)(1)이 ‘λͺ¨λ“  λ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ λΆ€λΆ„’의 λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 것과 μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 양적 μ‚¬μš© 규제)

제4λΆ€: μ’…ν•© 비ꡐ 뢄석 - λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 결정적 차이

‘μˆ˜μΆœμ„ ν†΅ν•œ νŠΉν—ˆ νšŒν”Ό’λΌλŠ” 같은 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄, λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό ν•œκ΅­μ€ 정말 λ‹€λ₯Έ 해법을 λ‚΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 법이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κΈ°κΉŒμ§€μ˜ κ³Όμ •, 즉 ‘λ²•μ œ λ°œμ „ 경둜’λŠ” 각ꡭ 사법뢀와 μž…λ²•λΆ€μ˜ 역할을 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.

ꡬ뢄 λ―Έκ΅­ (‘사법 → μž…λ²•’ λΆ„μ—… λͺ¨λΈ) ν•œκ΅­ (‘사법 → 사법 → μž…λ²•’ 동적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λͺ¨λΈ)
λ²•μ œ λ°œμ „ 경둜 μ—°λ°©λŒ€λ²•μ›μ΄ ‘Deepsouth 판결’둜 법적 곡백을 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³  μž…λ²•μ„ μ΄‰κ΅¬ν•˜μž, μ˜νšŒκ°€ § 271(f)λ₯Ό μ‹ μ„€ν•˜μ—¬ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꢌλ ₯ 뢄립 원칙에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ ‘문제 제기(사법뢀)와 ν•΄κ²°(μž…λ²•λΆ€)’의 λΆ„μ—… λͺ¨λΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λ²•μ›μ΄ ‘λ…Έν‚€μ•„ 판결’둜 μ—„κ²©ν•œ 원칙을 μ„Έμš΄ λ’€, ‘봉합사 판결’μ—μ„œ 슀슀둜 μ˜ˆμ™Έ 법리λ₯Ό μ°½μ„€ν•˜λ©° 법 ν˜•μ„± κΈ°λŠ₯을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이후 μž…λ²•λΆ€κ°€ 이λ₯Ό μˆ˜μš©ν•΄ ‘수좜’을 λͺ…λ¬Έν™”ν•˜λ©° λ²•μ œλ₯Ό μ™„μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 점진적인 ‘동적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©’ λͺ¨λΈμ— κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μΉ¨ν•΄ 규율 방식 κ°„μ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄ λͺ¨λΈ (ν•΄μ™Έ 쑰립을 μœ λ„/κΈ°μ—¬) 직접침해 λͺ¨λΈ (수좜 ν–‰μœ„ 자체)
μž…μ¦ μ±…μž„μ˜ 핡심 ν”Όκ³ μ˜ ‘주관적 μ˜λ„’ (μœ λ„, 인식) μž…μ¦μ΄ μ€‘μš” ‘객관적 사싀’ (μΉ¨ν•΄ν’ˆ, 수좜 ν–‰μœ„) μž…μ¦μœΌλ‘œ μΆ©λΆ„

κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—­μ‹œ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄ 규율 방식’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 미ꡭ은 λΆ€ν’ˆ μˆ˜μΆœμ„ ν•΄μ™Έμ—μ„œ 일어날 μΉ¨ν•΄λ₯Ό λ•λŠ” ‘κ°„μ ‘μΉ¨ν•΄’둜 λ³΄λŠ” 반면, ν•œκ΅­μ€ ‘수좜’μ΄λΌλŠ” ν–‰μœ„ 자체λ₯Ό μ™„κ²°λœ ‘직접침해’둜 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμžκ°€ μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  λ‚΄μš©μ΄ 근본적으둜 λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” “ν”Όκ³ κ°€ λ‚˜μœ μ˜λ„λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ–΄μš””λ₯Ό μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” “ν”Όκ³ κ°€ 이 물건을 μˆ˜μΆœν–ˆμ–΄μš””λΌλŠ” 객관적 μ‚¬μ‹€λ§Œ μž…μ¦ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜λŠ” μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .

제5λΆ€: 우리 기업을 μœ„ν•œ μ „λž΅μ  μ‹œμ‚¬μ 

μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ²•μ œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ 곡급망을 μš΄μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 우리 κΈ°μ—…λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 과제λ₯Ό λ˜μ Έμ€λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ κ΅­λ‚΄ νŠΉν—ˆλ§Œ ν”Όν•˜λ©΄ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ•ˆμΌν•œ 생각은 이제 정말 ν†΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  1. 곡급망 μ „μ²΄μ˜ νŠΉν—ˆ 리슀크 뢄석: μ œν’ˆ 기획 단계뢀터 λΆ€ν’ˆ 쑰달(ν•œκ΅­, λ―Έκ΅­), 생산, 쑰립(제3κ΅­), μ΅œμ’… 판맀 μ‹œμž₯에 이λ₯΄λŠ” 전체 κ³΅κΈ‰λ§μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄ 리슀크λ₯Ό μ’…ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ 뢄석해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ 쑰달해 제3κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 경우 ‘봉합사 판결’ μš”κ±΄μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ”μ§€, λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μ‘°λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ § 271(f)에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ κ²€ν† ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  2. ꡭ제 κ³„μ•½μ„œμ˜ 정ꡐ화: ν•΄μ™Έ νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ™€ λΆ€ν’ˆ 곡급 계약, μœ„νƒ 생산 계약 등을 체결할 λ•Œ, νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄ λ°œμƒ μ‹œ μ±…μž„ μ†Œμž¬λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜λŠ” 쑰항은 이제 ν•„μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 μ΅œμ’… μ œν’ˆμ˜ 판맀 μ§€μ—­, μš©λ„ 등을 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜μ—¬ 예기치 μ•Šμ€ λΆ„μŸμ— λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
  3. λΆ„μŸ κ΄€ν• κΆŒ 및 법리 적용 문제 λŒ€λΉ„: λ―Έκ΅­ 본사가 ν•œκ΅­ μžνšŒμ‚¬μ— μΉ¨ν•΄ν’ˆ 생산/μˆ˜μΆœμ„ μ§€μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 경우, λΆ„μŸμ΄ μ–΄λŠ λ‚˜λΌ λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ λ²•λ¦¬λ‘œ λ‹€λ€„μ§ˆμ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κ³  λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ΅­μ œμ‚¬λ²•μ  쟁점이 훨씬 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
⚠️ μ£Όμ˜ν•˜μ„Έμš”!
λ³Έ λ‚΄μš©μ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 법λ₯  λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•œ 일반적인 정보 μ œκ³΅μ„ λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ©°, ꡬ체적인 법λ₯  자문이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°œλ³„ μ‚¬μ•ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 법적 νŒλ‹¨μ΄λ‚˜ μ „λž΅ μˆ˜λ¦½μ€ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ νŠΉν—ˆ μ „λ¬Έ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬ λ˜λŠ” 변리사와 μƒλ‹΄ν•˜μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.

자주 λ¬»λŠ” 질문 (FAQ)

Q: 미ꡭ의 ‘Deepsouth Loophole’이 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆλ‚˜μš”?
A: λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ νŠΉν—ˆν’ˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ λ‹€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 놓고, λ”± μ΅œμ’… 쑰립만 λ―Έκ΅­ λ°–μ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” κΌΌμˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 1972λ…„ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ΄ μ΅œμ’… 쑰립이 λ―Έκ΅­ λ•…μ—μ„œ 이뀄지지 μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ‹ˆ ‘생산’ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  νŒκ²°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 합법적인 νŠΉν—ˆ νšŒν”Ό μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ λ˜μ–΄λ²„λ Έμ£ . 이후 1984λ…„ μ˜νšŒκ°€ 법을 κ°œμ •ν•΄μ„œ 이 ν—ˆμ μ„ λ§‰μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Q: ν•œκ΅­μ˜ ‘봉합사 판결’은 λ―Έμ™„μ„±ν’ˆ μˆ˜μΆœμ— 항상 μ μš©λ˜λ‚˜μš”?
A: μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맀우 μ—„κ²©ν•˜κ³  μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μΈ κ²½μš°μ—λ§Œ μ μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ① κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λœ 뢀뢄이 νŠΉν—ˆμ˜ μ‹€μ§ˆμ  κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 거의 λͺ¨λ‘ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³ , ② λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 극히 μΌλΆ€λ§Œ λΆ€κ°€/λŒ€μ²΄/μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄ μ™„μ„±λ˜κ³ , ③ κ΅¬λ§€μžκ°€ 그런 μ™„μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ 것이 λͺ…λ°±νžˆ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜λ©°, ④ κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ™„μ„±ν’ˆμ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것과 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 4κ°€μ§€ μš”κ±΄μ„ λͺ¨λ‘ μΆ©μ‘±ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Q: 2025λ…„ ν•œκ΅­ κ°œμ •λ²•μ΄ μ‹œν–‰λ˜λ©΄, 이제 아무 λΆ€ν’ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μˆ˜μΆœν•΄λ„ νŠΉν—ˆ μΉ¨ν•΄κ°€ λ˜λ‚˜μš”?
A: κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°œμ •λ²•μ€ ‘수좜 ν–‰μœ„’λ₯Ό μΉ¨ν•΄λ‘œ μΆ”κ°€ν•œ 것이지, μΉ¨ν•΄ ‘물건’의 λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΌ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μˆ˜μΆœλ˜λŠ” 물건이 κ·Έ 자체둜 νŠΉν—ˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό κ°–μΆ˜ ‘μ™„μ„±ν’ˆ’μ΄κ±°λ‚˜, λ‹€λ₯Έ μš©λ„λ‘œλŠ” 거의 μ“Έ 수 μ—†λŠ” ‘μ „μš©ν’ˆ’에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 일반적인 λ²”μš© λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 직접침해가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.

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