Leveraging Hidden Patent Value to Gain Market Leadership and Corporate Value

Leveraging Hidden Patent Value to Gain Market Leadership and Corporate Value

Executives in technology-driven companies recognize the strategic importance of patents. A robust patent portfolio strengthens market dominance, secures favorable terms in licensing negotiations, and acts as a deterrent in competitive disputes. However, many executives and investors perceive patents as having minimal impact on market value or as assets that do not directly contribute to revenue growth. This perspective overlooks the economic potential of well-managed patent portfolios and their ability to enhance corporate value.

Strategies for Communicating Patent Value

To ensure that investors and executives fully appreciate the value of patents, companies must analyze their market landscape through the lens of intellectual property and deliver clear, patent-driven IR (Investor Relations) reports. Despite this need, existing tools to measure the contribution of patent portfolios to market competitiveness and financial performance remain underdeveloped.

Why Patent Portfolio Value Remains Hidden

Although awareness of patents' role in boosting corporate value is growing, traditional methods of patent analysis face challenges in demonstrating short-term returns. Existing frameworks often emphasize qualitative assessments, such as claim scope and alignment with core technologies, without clearly illustrating how patents translate into financial gains.

Many investors and analysts lack tools to accurately assess patent value. As a result, patents frequently remain hidden assets—recognized for their strategic significance but excluded from standardized financial metrics.

Japan's New Disclosure Requirements

To address these issues, Japan recently revised its "Intellectual Property and Intangible Asset Governance Guidelines," requiring companies to disclose their patent landscapes. This regulation was introduced to tackle the undervaluation of Japanese companies, where nearly half of the firms listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange 500 Index have a price-to-book ratio (PBR) below 1.

By mandating greater transparency regarding patent and intangible asset disclosures, policymakers aim to bridge the gap between a company’s intrinsic value and its market perception. This reform will highlight patents not only as legal rights or competitive safeguards but also as critical assets that influence investment profiles and spotlight the contributions of corporate IP teams.

Toward a Stronger Patent Valuation Paradigm

Japan's policy shift has drawn global attention to patents as drivers of innovation and strategic growth. To capitalize on this evolving environment, business leaders should focus on the following:

1. Market Landscape Analysis:

   • Assess market dynamics and competitors’ positions through comprehensive landscape analyses.

2. Development of Quantitative Metrics:

   • Create or adopt analytical frameworks that demonstrate clear links between patent strength and financial performance, including licensing revenue, market share growth, and litigation risk mitigation.

3. Enhanced Cross-Department Collaboration:

   • Foster collaboration between R&D, legal, finance, product strategy, marketing, and sales teams to evaluate the economic potential of individual patents or portfolios and align patent strategies with corporate goals.

4. Transparent Reporting Systems:

   • Emulate Japan’s guidelines by disclosing portfolio size, technological coverage, and commercialization potential to showcase how patents support corporate vision and growth strategies.

5. Proactive Portfolio Management:

   • Regularly benchmark patent holdings against competitors, divest underperforming assets and pursue licensing opportunities for unused patents. Simultaneously, invest in open innovation and protect core technologies for future growth.

Conclusion

As policymakers and financial analysts place greater emphasis on intangible assets, patents are becoming a more prominent factor in corporate valuation.

By adopting transparent reporting systems, leveraging advanced analytical tools, and integrating patent strategies with business objectives, companies can dispel misconceptions about patents’ limited impact on market value. This approach not only unlocks the potential of patents but also strengthens market positioning and lays the foundation for long-term growth. Furthermore, it creates opportunities to highlight the role and importance of corporate intellectual property teams.

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특허의 숨겨진 가치를 활용하여 시장 주도권과 기업 가치를 인정받을 수 있다

기술 중심 기업의 최고 경영진은 특허의 전략적 중요성을 잘 인식하고 있다. 탄탄한 특허 포트폴리오는 시장 지배력을 강화하고, 라이선스 협상에서 유리한 조건을 확보하며, 경쟁 분쟁에서 억제력으로 작용할 수 있다. 그러나 많은 경영진과 투자자들은 특허가 기업의 시장 가치에 실질적으로 영향을 미치지 않거나, 수익을 직접적으로 증가시키지 않는다는 인식을 가지고 있다. 이는 잘 관리된 특허 포트폴리오의 경제적 잠재력을 간과하는 것이다.

특허의 경제적 가치 전달 전략

투자자와 경영진이 특허의 가치를 명확히 이해하도록 하기 위해서는 특허 관점에서 시장 지형을 분석하고, 사업 가치를 반영한 명확한 IR(Investor Relations) 보고서를 제공해야 한다. 하지만 현재까지 특허 포트폴리오가 기업의 시장 경쟁력과 재무 성과에 미치는 기여도를 측정하는 도구는 충분히 개발되지 않았다.

특허 포트폴리오 가치가 숨겨진 이유

특허 보호가 기업의 시장 가치를 높일 수 있다는 인식이 확산되고 있음에도 불구하고, 기존 특허 분석 방법은 단기적 가치를 입증하는 데 한계가 있다. 전통적 분석 프레임워크는 청구항 범위와 핵심 기술과의 정렬 등 정성적 평가에 중점을 두며, 특허가 재정적 이익으로 이어지는 구체적 경로를 명확히 보여주지 않는다.

많은 투자자와 분석가들은 특허 가치를 평가할 수 있는 도구를 보유하지 못하고 있으며, 이로 인해 특허는 전략적 중요성은 인정받지만 재무 지표에는 포함되지 않는 '숨겨진 자산'으로 남아 있다.

일본의 새로운 공시 요구 사항

이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 일본에서는 '지식재산 및 무형자산 거버넌스 가이드라인'을 개정해 특허 지형(Patent Landscape)을 공개하도록 요구하고 있다. 이는 주가순자산비율(PBR)이 1 미만인 기업이 다수인 상황에서 일본 기업의 가치 저평가 문제를 해결하려는 시도이다.

특허 자산과 기타 무형 자산을 투명하게 공개함으로써, 기업의 실제 가치와 시장 인식 간 격차를 해소하고자 한다. 이러한 변화는 특허가 법적 권리나 경쟁 보호 수단을 넘어 기업의 투자 프로필에 영향을 미치는 중요한 자산임을 강조하며, 기업 내 특허팀의 역할을 강화하는 계기가 될 것이다.

더 강력한 특허 가치 평가 패러다임을 향하여

일본의 정책 변화는 특허가 전략적 성장의 핵심 동력임을 국제적으로 인식시키는 계기를 제공한다. 이에 따라 기업 리더들은 새로운 환경을 활용하기 위해 다음과 같은 점들을 고려해야 한다.

1. 시장 지형 분석:

   • 경쟁사 포지션을 분석하고 시장 특성을 명확히 파악할 수 있는 도구를 도입해야 한다.

2. 특허의 정량적 지표 개발:

   • 특허 강점과 재정적 성과 간 연관성을 입증할 수 있는 분석 프레임워크를 개발하여, 라이선스 수익, 시장 점유율 확대, 소송 위험 감소 등에서 특허의 가치를 증명해야 한다.

3. 부서 간 협업 강화:

   • 연구개발(R&D), 법무, 재무, 상품전략, 마케팅 및 영업팀 간 협업을 통해 각 특허 또는 특허군의 경제적 수익 가능성을 평가하고 전략을 통합해야 한다.

4. 투명한 보고 체계 구축:

   • 일본 가이드라인을 참고하여 포트폴리오 규모, 기술 적용 범위, 상업화 가능성 등을 공개함으로써 시장 비전과 성장 전략을 명확히 보여주어야 한다.

5. 적극적인 포트폴리오 관리:

   • 산업군 내 경쟁사와 특허 보유 현황을 비교 분석하고, 불필요한 자산은 처분하며, 미활용 특허에 대한 라이선스 거래를 추진해야 한다. 동시에, 개방형 혁신 활동과 핵심 기술 보호를 위한 지속적인 투자를 강화해야 한다.

결론

정책 입안자와 금융 분석가들이 무형 자산에 대한 중요성을 인식하면서, 특허는 기업 가치 평가의 핵심 요소로 자리 잡고 있다.

투명한 보고 체계를 도입하고, 정량적 분석 도구를 활용하며, 특허 전략을 비즈니스 목표와 연계함으로써, 특허가 시장 가치에 미치는 영향이 미미하다는 오해를 극복할 수 있다. 이러한 접근은 특허의 잠재력을 극대화하고, 시장에서 입지를 강화하며, 장기적인 성장 기반을 마련하는 데 기여할 것이다. 또한, 기업의 지식재산팀의 역할과 중요성을 재조명할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 것이다.

The Pressure of Success and the Success Trap: Challenges That Must Be Overcome

The Pressure of Success and the Success Trap: Challenges That Must Be Overcome

The pressure to sustain success frequently spawns a “success trap,” in which individuals and organizations cling to the formulas that worked in the past, thereby limiting their capacity to adapt to changing conditions. This unwillingness to deviate from the status quo stifles innovation, fosters a fear of failure, and can lead to a vicious cycle of stagnation and eventual decline.

To break free from both the success trap and the pressure that fuels it, we must re-examine our understanding of success. Though many of these ideas may be familiar, they are vital enough to bear repeating.

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1. Embrace Failure as an Opportunity for Learning and Innovation

Failure should be viewed as a necessary step toward progress. Rather than dismissing it as an error to avoid at all costs, organizations can treat failure as valuable feedback. Programs like Google’s 20% Time or 3M’s 15% Rule exemplify this principle, giving employees the space to explore new ideas and, at times, fail without fear of reprisal. In doing so, these companies foster cultures where breakthroughs can thrive.

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2. Look Beyond Short-Term Wins to Long-Term Goals

An overemphasis on immediate results often comes at the expense of future growth. Amazon provides a telling example: early in its history, it prioritized market share over near-term profitability to lay the groundwork for enduring success. Establishing a long-term vision, and making decisions aligned with it, is essential for organizations that wish to maintain relevance and adaptability.

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3. Build a Flexible, Continually Learning Organization

Every member of an organization should be encouraged to learn and grow. “Everyone can learn from anyone” captures the essence of this principle. By cultivating open-mindedness, collaboration, and ongoing education, teams become better equipped to adapt to shifting challenges. Meaningful change begins with a readiness to learn.

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4. Recruit or Develop Leadership with Fresh Perspectives

Transforming leadership is central to escaping the success trap. This change is not as simple as replacing older leaders with younger ones; rather, it involves welcoming leaders who bring new ideas and strategies. IBM, for example, successfully overcame a major crisis by bringing in outside leadership with innovative perspectives. Leaders who only chase stability may ultimately stifle the very innovation that is crucial for survival.

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Success Is a Process, Not a Destination

The pressure of success and the success trap represent fundamental challenges for individuals and organizations alike. Overreliance on past achievements can choke off new ideas, while fear of failure inhibits meaningful experimentation. To conquer these hurdles, organizations must cultivate a culture that sees failure as a driver for growth, fosters a flexible mindset, and pursues long-term objectives. Recognizing that success is an ongoing journey—rather than an endpoint—enables teams to remain resilient and to flourish through persistent learning and adaptation.

Judicial Approaches to the Standard of Proof in Civil Litigation: Contrasts Between Civil Law and Common Law Traditions

Judicial Approaches to the Standard of Proof in Civil Litigation: Contrasts Between Civil Law and Common Law Traditions

A notable distinction in civil litigation emerges when comparing how courts in civil law versus common law jurisdictions view the standard of proof.

For example, in Korean civil proceedings, merely suggesting that a particular fact might be true is insufficient. Instead, courts demand a high level of probability—one that leaves virtually no room for reasonable doubt. By contrast, U.S. courts apply the “preponderance of evidence” standard, which requires that the evidence backing a specific claim outweigh any evidence for the opposing position. Put simply, the party must show that its claim is more likely true than not.

In criminal proceedings, however, the standard of proof is far more stringent. In the United States, courts use the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in criminal cases, which closely mirrors the threshold Korean courts impose in civil litigation.

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Why Do These Differences Arise?

I propose that these variations reflect the distinct levels of judicial involvement in evidence-gathering and investigative processes across legal systems. To explore this hypothesis, I surveyed a broad range of domestic and international academic studies.

In the United States, gaining access to trial court rulings—even from lower courts—is relatively straightforward, enabling researchers to analyze judicial perspectives and case precedents. In Korea, however, only Supreme Court decisions are generally available to the public. This limited access forces researchers to depend heavily on existing scholarship by those with privileged or broader access to court rulings. The upshot is a research process that demands more time, effort, and reliance on secondary sources.

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Conclusion

Given these challenges, a deeper, more comprehensive investigation is warranted to clarify how these legal frameworks diverge. By examining the extent to which courts engage in evidence collection and analysis, and by delving into how those roles vary between civil law and common law traditions, researchers may ultimately uncover the underlying factors that drive differing standards of proof.

Why Simply Issuing “Better Patents” Will Not Solve the System’s Complexities

 Why Simply Issuing “Better Patents” Will Not Solve the System’s Complexities

Representative Massie’s recent proposal to abolish the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) rests on the argument that strengthening patent examination alone can address longstanding issues in the U.S. patent system. His question—“Why not just issue better patents to begin with?”—may sound like a simple fix, but it overlooks the fundamental complexities of patent prosecution and post-grant review. Below are four key points illustrating why Massie’s approach is too narrow.

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1. Time Constraints in Patent Examination

A central issue is the significant time pressure placed on patent examiners. During each prosecution round, examiners often have fewer than 24 hours to review voluminous applications, conduct prior art searches, and draft office actions. Expecting them to guarantee “better patents” under such conditions is unrealistic. Representative Massie’s vision assumes an ideal setting in which examiners have abundant time and resources—an assumption that simply does not align with current realities.

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2. The Critical Role of the PTAB

The Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) serves a vital function in maintaining patent quality. Its appeal division provides an objective review of examiner rejections, while its trial division (created under the America Invents Act) determines the validity of granted patents through inter partes review (IPR) and related proceedings. Eliminating the PTAB would remove this essential mechanism for weeding out invalid or overly broad patents, ultimately impairing innovation and competitive markets. Without the PTAB, unaddressed errors in the examination process could proliferate.

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3. Examination Quality vs. Post-Grant Review

Massie’s proposal suggests that heightened examination quality could replace the need for post-grant review. However, patent examination is inherently subject to human judgment, time pressures, and incomplete information—inevitable sources of error. The PTAB functions as a second line of defense, addressing these mistakes through rigorous adjudication. Without it, the system risks becoming more susceptible to unresolved disputes and abusive practices.

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4. The Need for Systemic Reform

Although Representative Massie’s call to “just issue better patents” underscores a legitimate concern—improving patent quality—his plan sidesteps broader structural challenges. Bolstering the patent system requires measures such as:

• Increasing examiner hiring and training
• Extending the time allocated per application
• Enhancing prior art searching capabilities and databases
• Strengthening transparency during the prosecution process
• Creating well-defined and precise examination guidelines

Until these reforms are implemented, the PTAB remains indispensable for ensuring public trust and correcting errors that slip through the initial examination phase.

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Conclusion

Massie’s plan to abolish the PTAB and rely solely on the notion of “better patents” is far less feasible than it appears. Significant systemic overhaul—from expanded examiner staffing to more robust training and resources—would be necessary to make that vision a reality. In the meantime, the PTAB offers a critical safeguard against invalid patents and serves to stabilize the broader patent environment.

A more balanced solution, therefore, is to improve examination practices—dedicating more time, personnel, and technical resources—while preserving the PTAB as a vital oversight mechanism. Removing the PTAB entirely would ultimately undermine the very innovation the patent system is meant to foster.

Why Excelling at Individual Tasks Won’t Necessarily Make You a Great Leader

 Why Excelling at Individual Tasks Won’t Necessarily Make You a Great Leader

“Being good at individual work doesn’t necessarily make someone a great leader.” This observation points to a profound truth: leadership differs drastically from personal skill or expertise. Where an accomplished practitioner might be lauded for their output, a leader’s mandate lies in empowering others to perform at their best and produce meaningful results. When leaders fixate on day-to-day tasks, not only do they risk undermining the team’s morale, but they also court personal burnout. Even the most capable professionals, trapped in this cycle, may come to doubt their suitability for leadership and feel stifled by their own limitations.

Yet one principle endures across eras and industries: “It all comes down to people.” History’s greatest thinkers and business leaders have consistently echoed this idea, summed up in the phrase, “Everything depends on people.” Ultimately, the core leadership skill is mastering the art of understanding and engaging with those around you.

I have come to appreciate this perspective over more than 14 years of experience as a senior legal executive in both corporate and law firm environments. Despite considerable tenure, I still grapple with relinquishing day-to-day operational details—revisiting delegated tasks and offering input on matters where I should ideally step aside. Over time, I’ve realized that this approach simply isn’t sustainable: physical limits and the reality of burnout loom ever closer.

What, then, is the solution? I see no choice but to cultivate or recruit a “legacy carrier” who can serve as another version of me, eventually inheriting my role. The challenge here is formidable: if it’s difficult to fully understand a spouse even after decades together, how can one reliably assess someone’s dispositions and strengths in a far shorter period?

High-pressure contexts such as patent litigation only amplify this tension. Minor oversights can reverse fortunes entirely, making it feel nearly impossible to entrust critical duties to anyone else. Small wonder, then, that delegation may seem an insurmountable task.

I know what needs to be done; the bigger hurdle is “how.” I have yet to find a definitive answer. Nonetheless, I believe the first step is acknowledging the complexity of this transition and committing to seek out feasible solutions. Recognizing the difficulty of stepping aside—and taking tangible steps to develop successors—is the key to breaking the cycle of overwork. By doing so, leaders can reclaim the true essence of their roles and ensure the entire organization thrives, rather than merely surviving under the weight of one person’s relentless efforts.

The success equation for practitioners is different from the success equation for leaders.

How AI and Strategic Drafting Can Reshape the Patent Landscape

How AI and Strategic Drafting Can Reshape the Patent Landscape

December 2, 2024 — In reviewing an insightful article by Dr. Ian Schick, I encountered a compelling argument about the transformative potential of artificial intelligence in the patent drafting process. Dr. Schick suggests that AI can streamline labor-intensive tasks—like preparing detailed descriptions and refining drawings—freeing patent professionals to devote their expertise to high-value matters such as claim drafting and inventor interviews. He anticipates that this shift could reduce the total drafting time per application from approximately 20 hours to around 6.7 hours, thereby lowering service fees to one-third of their current level.

While I hesitate to label detailed descriptions and drawings as “low-value,” there is no denying they consume a significant share of the preparation effort. Using AI to automate portions of these steps appears both logical and efficient, ultimately enhancing overall patent quality. Notably, Dr. Schick’s illustrative figures and tables break down the drafting process in a manner that highlights each task’s value—though I would have preferred to see prior art investigation more prominently included, as it is integral to most filings.

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Why Detailed Descriptions and Drawings Are Crucial

In practice, the initial specification’s thoroughness often outweighs the importance of the original claim set. Rarely do claims issue without amendment; examiners commonly identify grounds for rejection that lead to strategic adjustments. When amending claims, an applicant must stay within what is explicitly or implicitly disclosed in the filed specification. Therefore, the application’s initial level of detail profoundly influences the ultimate patent scope.

Moreover, companies increasingly recognize the importance of accounting for European patent standards at the outset. Filings tailored to U.S. or Korean rules can falter under Europe’s more exacting scrutiny, where Article 84 objections or issues with non-allowable intermediate generalizations frequently arise. A robust drafting strategy should anticipate these hurdles by integrating European requirements from the beginning.

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Drafting Strategies and the Role of AI

From a drafting standpoint, an effective approach is to conceptualize the overall inventive idea through schematic diagrams or “conceptual figures,” and then systematically introduce variations as they become clear in later product-development stages. Highlighting which features are essential, optional, or purely enhancements clarifies the invention’s scope. At the same time, such categorization—if done too rigidly—might inadvertently bolster an examiner’s view that a claimed invention is an obvious combination of known elements. Caution and balanced drafting are therefore prudent.

For patents serving as strategic “offensive weapons,” it is well worth investing time and resources in a detailed specification, high-quality figures, and a thorough review of relevant prior art. Here, AI offers considerable advantages: in my own practice, I have used ChatGPT-4 to review and refine sections of a recently disclosed specification on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis, finding it especially helpful in reducing preparation time without sacrificing quality.

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The Cost Equation

It is instructive to consider cost benchmarks. Mid-level associates at major U.S. law firms often command hourly billing rates near $750. Based on international data comparing the United States and Korea, the U.S. purchasing power parity (PPP) is about 1.4 times higher, with average wages (in PPP terms) around 1.75 times higher. By that logic, a mid-level associate in Korea might have a reasonably set billing rate of roughly $429 (KRW 600,000) per hour. At 20 hours of drafting, an application would therefore cost about $8,579 (KRW 12 million). Yet, outside highly specialized areas such as pharmaceuticals, achieving such fee levels in Korea can be challenging.

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The Strategic Value of In-House Patent Teams

Ultimately, these considerations highlight the pivotal role of corporate patent counsel. If in-house teams conduct inventor interviews, compile prior art research, and prepare a thorough factual record, outside counsel can operate more efficiently, reducing the need for extensive revisions. This streamlined process not only enables law firms to stay within a constrained budget but also boosts outcomes, giving in-house professionals a tangible incentive to excel.

If organizations recognize that such a collaborative framework yields better patent coverage and strategic positioning—while also controlling costs—then the contributions of in-house patent personnel become even more vital. AI is set to amplify these benefits, allowing companies to meet the demands of a competitive global patent landscape more effectively than ever.

Why AI Can Make Patent Attorneys Twice as Valuable

The Strategic Importance of In-House Counsel and AI Adoption

The Strategic Importance of In-House Counsel and AI Adoption

In light of the turbulent circumstances in Korea, I was initially reluctant to share these observations. However, the insights offered by Daniel Lewis, CEO of LegalOn, are both timely and thought-provoking, warranting broader discussion. Lewis references the renowned “Cravath Scale,” established by Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP—an elite U.S. law firm that compensates 2024 law school graduates at a base salary of $225,000 while billing clients at rates of $600 to $800 per hour. In contrast, companies that develop in-house legal teams can reportedly reduce these legal expenses by up to 80–90%. This gap stands to widen as external firm rates climb, particularly when paired with advances in AI.

Daniel Lewis's Linkedin

One of the central advantages of in-house counsel is their freedom from the hourly billing model. By leveraging AI solutions, such as for routine contract review, in-house teams can direct more resources toward complex and strategic tasks. This approach not only curbs legal spending but also bolsters a company’s overall legal efficacy—a convincing case for bolstering internal legal capacity with cutting-edge technology.

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Beyond Cost Savings: The Role of In-House Patent Teams

This same logic extends to in-house patent counsel, though their scope of responsibilities goes far beyond simple cost-efficiency. Outside attorneys and patent agents often lack a deep familiarity with a company’s technological background or the cumulative industry knowledge critical to building robust patent and IP strategies. In-house patent teams fill this gap by offering technical insights that a person of ordinary skill in the art would naturally consider and by guiding external counsel more effectively.

It is not unusual for outside advisors—due to time constraints or limited sector-specific expertise—to underutilize widely recognized industry standards or technical “common sense” when presenting arguments to examiners, administrative tribunals, or judges. In this context, in-house legal and patent teams serve not merely as a means to reduce expenditures, but as essential assets for fostering institutional knowledge, optimizing legal and patent oversight, and ultimately advancing the company’s broader legal and technological strategies.

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Conclusion

While recent events in Korea may have momentarily given pause to sharing these perspectives, it remains abundantly clear that in-house counsel—particularly those augmented by AI—can deliver substantial and far-reaching benefits. From curbing legal costs to nurturing deep sector-specific insights, the presence of an internal legal or patent team is fundamental to executing a forward-looking, cost-effective, and strategically sound legal framework.

The Echo Chamber Phenomenon and Possible Solutions

The Echo Chamber Phenomenon and Possible Solutions

Definition

The “echo chamber” phenomenon occurs when individuals repeatedly encounter information that aligns with their existing beliefs, leading those homogeneous views to grow stronger over time. The term is borrowed from the way sound resonates and intensifies in an acoustic chamber, and it is most prevalent on online platforms and social media. Factors such as algorithm-driven content recommendations, confirmation bias, and group polarization intersect, creating an environment where users are exposed to a narrowly filtered set of information.

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1. Causes of Echo Chambers

1. Algorithmic Filtering
   Social media recommendation systems rely on users’ past behaviors—such as clicks, likes, and searches—to personalize content. This approach often prioritizes information similar to users’ existing opinions, while opposing or diverse perspectives receive less visibility.

2. Confirmation Bias
   Individuals naturally seek and value information that confirms their beliefs, while ignoring or rejecting opposing views. This bias amplifies the reinforcement of like-minded opinions.

3. Group Polarization
   When people who share similar viewpoints congregate, their views can become more extreme over time. Online communities and social networks often accelerate this trend because they foster like-minded clusters.

4. Information Overload and Selective Exposure
   In a world of overwhelming information, it is easier for people to focus on content that matches their preferences. This selective exposure, combined with algorithmic filtering, deepens the echo chamber effect.

---

2. Key Consequences of Echo Chambers

1. Heightened Social and Political Polarization
   Without exposure to diverse viewpoints, individuals’ existing beliefs become more rigid, making dialogue or compromise between different groups increasingly difficult.

2. Spread of Misinformation and Fake News
   Repeated circulation of a particular perspective can lead people to accept it as truth, regardless of factual accuracy. Some studies show that misinformation often travels faster than verified facts in these closed environments.

3. Diminished Critical Thinking Skills
   Limited exposure to differing viewpoints reduces the capacity to reflect on or question one’s own beliefs, increasing vulnerability to biased or distorted reasoning.

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3. Strategies to Mitigate the Echo Chamber Effect

1. Introducing Diversity Metrics
   One approach is to incorporate “diversity metrics” into content recommendation algorithms. By purposefully showcasing content that diverges from users’ current preferences, platforms can encourage more balanced exposure. For instance, news platforms that employ diversity-oriented algorithms allow users to encounter a range of viewpoints.

2. Intentional Exposure (Diversity-by-Design)
   Platforms can proactively promote content or discussions that present varied perspectives. Rather than highlighting strictly oppositional viewpoints that may cause immediate rejection, offering constructive counter-arguments or fact-checking resources can boost engagement and learning. An example is the nonprofit Braver Angels in the United States, which facilitates dialogue between individuals with opposing views to temper extreme polarization.

3. Media Literacy Education
   Users benefit from learning to evaluate sources critically and remain open to multiple perspectives. Building these skills strengthens independent thought and lessens the hold of confirmation bias.

4. Policy Interventions
   Regulatory measures could limit the reach of extremely biased or radical content and prioritize reliable sources in content feeds. Such guidelines help create a more balanced information environment.

5. Deliberative Democracy
   By organizing both offline and online forums where a diverse array of stakeholders can gather, discuss issues, and work toward consensus, communities can mitigate polarization. An example is Taiwan’s vTaiwan platform, which uses digital tools to facilitate direct public participation and deliberation among varied perspectives.

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Conclusion

The echo chamber phenomenon—driven by algorithmic recommendation systems and human biases—represents a significant challenge in modern society. It can exacerbate social conflict, disseminate misinformation, and erode critical thinking skills.

Addressing these issues calls for improvements in platform design, greater individual awareness, and supportive policy measures. By fostering exposure to diverse viewpoints, enhancing media literacy, and practicing deliberative democracy, it is possible to reduce the negative impacts of echo chambers and cultivate a healthier information ecosystem.

The Future of Quantum Computing and Cryptocurrencies: Questions Raised by the Willow Chip

The Future of Quantum Computing and Cryptocurrencies: Questions Raised by the Willow Chip

Google’s recently unveiled quantum computing chip, known as Willow, suggests it could accomplish computations in mere minutes that would take classical supercomputers billions of years. This raises significant concerns across modern security systems, including cryptocurrencies. A sufficiently powerful quantum computer might be able to brute-force passwords and cryptographic keys, posing a particularly serious threat to blockchain-based financial ecosystems. The pressing question is whether Willow—or similar chips—could actually undermine the security models that cryptocurrencies rely on. 

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Quantum Computing and Vulnerabilities in Existing Cryptography

SHA-256 and ECDSA in Bitcoin

Bitcoin employs SHA-256 to validate block headers and execute Proof of Work (PoW). SHA-256 produces a 256-bit hash, and attempting to reverse-engineer the original input from the hash is computationally infeasible with current technology.

Additionally, Bitcoin uses ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) to verify transaction signatures. ECDSA’s security is based on the intractability of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP). To break a 256-bit key by brute force, approximately 2 to the power of 256 operations would be required—an astronomically large number far beyond the capabilities of present-day supercomputers.

Quantum Algorithms: Shor’s Algorithm and Grover’s Algorithm

Quantum computing introduces two particularly important algorithms that could threaten existing cryptographic infrastructures:

• Shor’s Algorithm: Capable of efficiently factoring integers and solving discrete logarithm problems. It could potentially break elliptic-curve-based cryptosystems like ECDSA in polynomial time.

• Grover’s Algorithm: Designed to search large datasets more rapidly than classical approaches. Applied to hash algorithms (e.g., SHA-256), it can reduce the brute-force search space from $N$ to $\sqrt{N}$. However, Grover’s Algorithm does not destroy the collision-resistance property of hash functions; it primarily boosts the search process.

Required Qubits and Error Correction

Estimates suggest that breaking a 256-bit private key via Shor’s Algorithm would require roughly 1,500 to 3,000 logical qubits. Quantum computers are highly susceptible to decoherence, noise, and gate errors, necessitating sophisticated Quantum Error Correction (QEC). In practice, creating one logical qubit often requires upward of a thousand physical qubits.

Hence, deploying 1,500–3,000 logical qubits could demand millions of physical qubits—a scale that is far from currently realizable with today’s hardware.

---

Google’s Willow Chip: Error Correction and Scalability at the Forefront

Google’s Willow chip highlights Exponential Error Suppression as a key advancement. By using a QEC scheme such as Surface Code, multiple physical qubits protect a single logical qubit, and enlarging the lattice (e.g., from 3×3 to 5×5 to 7×7) can cut error rates in half each time. 

This is a critical departure from the traditional expectation that more qubits inevitably bring more noise.

Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip (Google Quantum AI)

Willow also introduces a real-time error correction mechanism, which allows immediate fixes when an error is detected, rather than risking data loss during calculation. This method preserves quantum information mid-computation and is viewed as a milestone toward “quantum computer scalability.”

However, Willow currently features only 105 physical qubits, meaning its capacity to sustain robust logical qubits and large-scale error correction remains constrained. 

To date, there is no documented case of quantum computers—Willow included—successfully breaking blockchain encryption or other major cryptographic systems.

---

Threats from Quantum Computing and Responses in the Cryptocurrency Ecosystem

Advances in quantum computing pose new challenges for cryptography-driven systems. 

Presently, though, there is still enough time for the cryptocurrency ecosystem to formulate countermeasures.

Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which focuses on algorithms believed to be secure against quantum attacks, is already under active consideration by international standards organizations (e.g., the NIST PQC Project). 

Nonetheless, shifting to PQC might introduce short-term market volatility and shake investor confidence.

---

Technical Hurdles and Costs for Existing Blockchains

Once quantum computing reaches practical maturity, ECDSA and SHA-256 could become vulnerable to Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, respectively.

Mitigating these risks calls for moving to quantum-resistant cryptography, but a simple soft fork—which preserves compatibility with previous protocols—likely will not suffice. Significantly altering the blockchain’s core cryptography and consensus requires a hard fork, leading to a complicated consensus process among network participants, possible compatibility breakage, and extensive infrastructure overhauls.

---

Opportunities and Potential in Quantum-Resistant Blockchains

Quantum-resistant blockchains could do more than just bolster security. They could mark a broader technological turning point for the reliability and sustainability of distributed ledger systems. 

Combining novel cryptographic algorithms with updated blockchain architectures may yield faster, safer, and more scalable networks.

However, transitioning large existing networks—already home to substantial user bases and asset holdings—would be daunting. 

It would require careful stages of consensus, asset migration, and upgrades that are not trivial to orchestrate.

---

Conclusion: The Challenges and Innovations Enabled by Quantum Computing

The adage “There is no unbreakable cryptography—only cryptography that has not yet been broken” underscores the inherent vulnerability of cryptography-backed cryptocurrencies. 

Quantum computing dramatically highlights this vulnerability, while simultaneously driving technological innovation aimed at plugging these gaps. 

In the future of cryptocurrency and blockchain, grappling with quantum threats—while also leveraging them as opportunities for growth—appears inevitable.

In the coming “post-quantum” era, quantum computing will offer both daunting challenges and new horizons for digital assets and decentralized networks, revealing possibilities beyond our current imagination. [E.O.D]

The Etymology and Origins of Patents

The term "patent" originates from the Latin word "patere", which means "to open" or "to make public." It evolved from the medieval Latin phrase "litterae patentes", meaning "open letters." These were official documents issued by a monarch or government to grant rights or privileges, intentionally left unsealed so they could be publicly read and verified.

Historical Background and Evolution

1. Use in Medieval Europe

The concept of "litterae patentes" emerged in medieval Europe, where monarchs issued open letters granting land, exclusive rights, or privileges to individuals or groups. These documents served as public guarantees of the rights conferred upon the recipients.

2. Transition to Modern Meaning

During the 15th century, the concept of patents began to evolve into granting exclusive rights for inventions or technological advancements. The Republic of Venice enacted the first known patent law in 1474, granting inventors a 10-year monopoly on their inventions in exchange for public disclosure of the details. This marked the beginning of the modern understanding of patents as a tool to encourage innovation by balancing exclusivity with knowledge sharing.

3. Development in England

In 17th-century England, "Letters Patent" were issued not only for inventions but also for granting commercial monopolies. For instance, during the reign of Elizabeth I, monopolies were often granted for manufacturing and trade. However, widespread abuse of this system led to the Statute of Monopolies in 1624, which restricted the granting of patents to inventions and innovations, establishing the foundation for the modern patent system.

4. The U.S. and the Modern Patent System

The U.S. Constitution (1787) explicitly empowered Congress to promote "the progress of science and useful arts" by securing exclusive rights for inventors. This set the stage for the modern patent system, which spread globally as a means to protect innovation while encouraging public disclosure of technological advancements.

Conclusion

The term "patent", rooted in the concept of "open rights", has evolved into a legal mechanism where inventors disclose their innovations to the public in exchange for a temporary monopoly. This system balances the protection of intellectual property with the promotion of technological progress and remains a cornerstone of innovation-driven economies.

- chatGPT 4o

How does Rule 36 affect the development of patent law jurisprudence?

The article provides an interesting discussion on how US Inventor, Inc. (USI) has filed an amicus brief urging the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) to reconsider its use of Rule 36. USI argues that Rule 36, which allows for one-word affirmances without opinion, hinders the development of patent law, biases cases toward affirmance, and burdens future litigants by not resolving issues thoroughly.

Rule 36 permits the CAFC to affirm lower court decisions without an opinion if the decision has no precedential value and meets specific conditions, potentially impacting the fairness of judicial outcomes.

How does Rule 36 affect the development of patent law jurisprudence?

https://ipwatchdog.com/2024/07/02/us-inventor-urges-cafc-review-implementation-rule-36

디지털 데이터의 물건성과 특허의 대상

On April 21st, the Dutch Commercial Court (NCC) ruled that ownership of digital data cannot be recognized under Dutch law. 

According to the below article, the NCC determined that while the contractual relationship between the parties is governed by the law of New York, the question of whether property rights can arise in documents and data located in the Netherlands is governed by Dutch law. 

Under Dutch law, ownership can only be granted to "tangible objects under human control" (Article 5(1) and Article 3(2) of the Dutch Civil Code), and therefore digital data does not fall under this category. Inferring the legal concept of ownership to digital data would encroach upon the legislative branch's area of competence and privilege.

Most other European countries also define the object of ownership as tangible objects or things. However, other countries' judiciaries tend to interpret the definition of a tangible object as expandable to include controllable intangible objects. In contrast, the Dutch court ruled that this is a matter for the legislative branch, i.e., unless the legislature amends the law, ownership of digital data cannot be recognized.

Let's consider how the situation is in South Korea.

Under the South Korean Civil Code, the definition of an object of a right, which includes property rights, is broadly defined as "tangible objects and other natural forces that are capable of being controlled." In other words, anything that can be controlled, regardless of its form, can be considered an object of a right.

Digital data may not have a physical form, but it is capable of being controlled. That is, it can be artificially subject to exclusive control.

However, there remains a question as to whether digital data can be considered a natural force. Natural forces refer to everything that exists in a natural state.

Digital data is created by digital signals, which in turn are created by electrical signals. Electrical signals are created by controlling electricity acquired from nature.

Therefore, if we view the essence of digital data as electricity, digital data is artificially controlled by manipulating a natural force, electricity, and is capable of being dominated. In other words, digital data can be considered a thing and could potentially be an object of ownership.

In Korean civil law, the definition of the object of rights that can be subject to legal protection is closely related to the definition of inventions that can be subject to patent protection, i.e., technological ideas utilizing natural laws. Unlike Europe or the United States, where patent eligibility is restricted by statute, Korea has adopted a flexible approach by introducing a definition of invention, which allows for more interpretation. 

The scope of patent eligibility varies from country to country. For example, in Europe, computer programs and data are excluded from patent eligibility in the statute, but this only applies to programs and data as mere expressions of ideas or information. 

Since computer programs are essentially digital data, the digital data can be eligible for patent protection if they contain a technological idea that solves a technical problem. In fact, many European patents claim data or computer programs. In contrast, the United States limits the categories of patent-eligible subject matter to four under 35 U.S.C. §101, and even recognizes judicial exceptions. This is not unrelated to the fact that the U.S. industry is struggling with the "patent troll" of software and pharmaceutical patents.

Korea's patent eligibility is more flexible than in other countries. Therefore, it is logical to consider digital data as a subject matter of patents in Korea if they contain a technological idea that solves a technical problem.

지난 4월 21일. 네덜란드상사법원(NCC)는 디지털 데이터의 소유권을 인정할 수 없다고 판단했다.

그 이유에 대해 아래 기사를 보면, 

NCC는 당사자 간의 계약 관계는 뉴욕주 법의 적용을 받지만, 네덜란드에 위치한 문서와 데이터에 재산권이 발생할 수 있는지 여부는 네덜란드 법이 적용된다고 판단하고,  

네덜란드법상 소유권은 '인간의 통제 하에 있는 유체물'에만 부여될 수 있다(네덜란드 민법 제5조 제1항 및 제3조 제2항). 따라서 디지털 데이터는 이에 해당하지 않는다. 디지털 데이터에 소유권이라는 법적 개념을 유추 적용하는 것은 입법부의 영역과 특권을 침해하는 것이다라고 설시한 것으로 보인다.

유럽 다른 국가들도 대부분 소유권의 객체인 물건을 유형의 유체물 또는 사물로 규정하고 있다. 그러나 다른 나라의 사법부는 유체물의 정의를 통제가능한 무체물로 확대해석하려는 경향이 강하다. 그러나 네덜란드 법원은 그것은 입법부의 권한이라고 판단했다. 즉 입법부가 법을 개정하지 않는한 디지털데이터에 대한 소유권을 인정할 수 없다는 것이다.

그럼 우리나라는 어떠한지 생각해보자.

우리나라 민법은 권리의 객체인 물건의 정의를 '유체물 및 전기 기타 관리가능한 자연력'으로 넓게 정의하고 있다. 즉 형체가 있든 없든 관리할 수 있는 것이면 권리의 대상으로 하고 있다. 

디지털 데이터는형태가 없으나 관리 가능하다. 즉 인위적으로 배타적 지배가 가능하다. 

그런데 디지털 데이터가 자연력인지에 대한 의문이 남는다. 자연력이란 자연상태에서 존재하는 모든것을 말한다.

디지털 데이터는 디지털 신호에 의해 만들어지고 디지털신호는 전기 신호에 의해 만들어진다. 전기신호는 자연으로 부터 취득한 전기를 제어하여 만들어진다.

따라서 디지털 데이터의 본질을 전기로 보면 디지털 데이터는 전기라는 자연력을 인위적으로 제어하여 만들어진 것이고 지배가 가능하다. 즉 디지털 데이터는 물건으로 볼 수 있어서 소유권의 객체가 될 수 있을 것이다.

우리나라 민법상 권리의 객체가 되는 물건의 정의는 특허법상 특허의 대상인 발명의 정의, 즉 자연법칙을 이용한 기술사상과 일맥상통한다. 우리나라 특허법은 유럽이나 미국처럼 법문으로 특허의 대상을 제한하고 있지 않고, 대신 발명의 정의를 도입하여 더 유연하게 해석될 수 있도록 하였다.

특허의 대상이 되는 발명이 무엇인지는 각국마다 차이가 있다. 예를 들어, 유럽은 법문에서 컴퓨터 프로그램이나 데이터 등을 특허의 대상에서 제외하고 있다. 그러나 그것은 표현 저작물 또는 단순 정보로서의 데이터를 말한다.

참고로 컴퓨터프로그램의 본질은 디지털 데이터이다. 따라서 디지털 데이터가 기술적인 문제를 해결하기 위한 기술적 아이디어를 담고 있다면, 특허의 대상이 될 수 있다. 유럽의 등록특허를 보면 데이터나 컴퓨터프로그램을 청구한 특허를 종종 볼 수 있다. 반면 미국은 특허법 101조에 특허의 대상이 되는 범주를 4가지로 제한하고 더 나아가 판례는 사법적 예외까지 인정하고 있다. 이는 미국 산업이 SW특허나 의약특허의 괴물 때문에 골치를 앓고 있는 것과 무관하지 않다.

우리나라는 다른 국가보다 특허의 대상이 더 유연하도록 입법되었다. 결국 디지털 데이터는 우리나라 법상 특허의 대상으로 인정하는 데 논리적 경계 안에 있다고 볼 수 있다.

No ownership of digital data under Dutch law

https://www.rechtspraak.nl/English/NCC/news/Pages/NCC-judgment-no-ownership-of-digital-data-under-Dutch-law.aspx

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (8)… ‘방법(方法) 발명’ 판례 ③

소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (8)… ‘방법(方法) 발명’ 3

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (8)… ‘방법(方法) 발명’ 판례 ③

- 구성품 “복제행위”… Microsoft(AT&T) 사건(연방대법원, 2007)

- SW 제품 청구항 … Microsoft (Eolas) 사건(Fed. Cir. 2005)

<소개글> 

소프트웨어특허 난제를 하나하나 짚어보았습니다. 

이번에 연재되는 글은 거의 책 한권 분량이라 4월부터 매주 장기간 여러 편으로 연재되고 있습니다. 앞으로도 두 달넘게 연재될 예정입니다.

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! 1편부터 6편까지 다시 읽기>

7-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

7-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

7-3편 읽기 (특허포차)

8-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

SW 발명을 ‘방법(方法)’으로 청구하면?… 성질과 효력

무형의 ‘행동(action)’…. 방법발명 구성 단계

특정 행동의 ‘집합’ 전체…. ‘방법발명’의 효력 범위

‘방법’발명에서 ‘사용’과 관련된… ‘4가지’ 쟁점

방법이 ‘자동으로’ 실행되는 경우… 방법발명 ‘사용’ 쟁점

‘일부 단계’만 실행하는 경우… 방법발명 ‘사용’ 쟁점

8-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

방법 사용이 ‘해외’인 경우… 美 버지니아 동부지법 Enpat. 사건(1998)

美 특허법 제271조(f)… Cardiac Pacemakers 사건(Fed. Cir. 2009).

SW 방법발명 사용… NTP v. RIM의 Blackberry 사건(Fed. Cir. 2005)

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (8)… ‘방법(方法) 발명’ 1,2

소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (8)… ‘방법(方法) 발명’ 1,2

8-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

SW 발명을 ‘방법(方法)’으로 청구하면?… 성질과 효력

무형의 ‘행동(action)’…. 방법발명 구성 단계

특정 행동의 ‘집합’ 전체…. ‘방법발명’의 효력 범위

‘방법’발명에서 ‘사용’과 관련된… ‘4가지’ 쟁점

방법이 ‘자동으로’ 실행되는 경우… 방법발명 ‘사용’ 쟁점

‘일부 단계’만 실행하는 경우… 방법발명 ‘사용’ 쟁점

8-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

방법 사용이 ‘해외’인 경우… 美 버지니아 동부지법 Enpat. 사건(1998)

美 특허법 제271조(f)… Cardiac Pacemakers 사건(Fed. Cir. 2009).

SW 방법발명 사용… NTP v. RIM의 Blackberry 사건(Fed. Cir. 2005)

<소개글> 

소프트웨어특허 난제를 하나하나 짚어보았습니다. 

이번에 연재되는 글은 거의 책 한권 분량이라 4월부터 매주 장기간 여러 편으로 연재되고 있습니다. 앞으로도 두 달넘게 연재될 예정입니다.

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! 1편부터 6편까지 다시 읽기>

7-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

7-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

7-3편 읽기 (특허포차)

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (7)… SW ‘사용’ 관련 사례 탐구 ③

소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (7편-3편)

7-3편 읽기 (특허포차)

‘유니록(Uniloc)’ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 2011)

특허법상 ‘판매 제안(offer to sell)‘... ‘사용’의 제안 행위

‘로텍(Rotec)’ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 2000)… 판매제안의 ‘표시’와 ‘장소’

‘할로(Halo)’ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 2016)… 판매제안의 ‘속지성’

‘간접침해’ 여부.…미 특허법 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) (2)

<소개글> 

소프트웨어특허 난제를 하나하나 짚어보았습니다. 

이번에 연재되는 글은 거의 책 한권 분량이라 4월부터 매주 장기간 여러 편으로 연재되고 있습니다. 앞으로도 두 달넘게 연재될 예정입니다.

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! 1편부터 6편까지 다시 읽기>

7-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

7-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (7-1편과 7-2편)

소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! (7편-1,2편)

7-1편 읽기 (특허포차)

‘침해여부’를 판단하는… 특허법상 “사용”행위

물건 발명의 “사용”이란?.. 구성요소 ‘결합’

시스템 발명의 ‘사용’… ‘Decca (1976)‘ 사례 탐구

SW 시스템 발명의 사용… ‘NTP (Fed. Cir. 2005)’ 사례 (1)

법원의 ‘직접 침해’에 관한 판단은?.. ‘NTP(Fed. Cir. 2005)’ 사례(2)

7-2편 읽기 (특허포차)

‘센틸리온(Centillion)‘ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 2011)

‘인텔렉츄얼 벤처스(Intellectual Ventures)’ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 09/13/17)

‘조지타운(Georgetown)’ 사건 (Fed. Cir. 2017)

‘Advanced Software’ & ‘Medical Solutions’…. 추가 탐구 사례

<소개글> 

소프트웨어특허 난제를 하나하나 짚어보았습니다. 

이번에 연재되는 글은 거의 책 한권 분량이라 4월부터 매주 장기간 여러 편으로 연재되고 있습니다. 앞으로도 두 달넘게 연재될 예정입니다.

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! 1편부터 6편까지 다시 읽기>

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] ㊼ 인공지능(AI)과 창작(4·끝)… 어떻게 ‘특허권’으로 보호하나?

인공지능(AI)과 창작(4·끝)… 어떻게 ‘특허권’으로 보호하나?

마지막 편 

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!

소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자! 

소프트웨어특허 난제를 하나하나 짚어보았습니다. 이번 글은 거의 책 한권 분량이라 4월부터 매주 장기간 여러 편으로 연재되고 있습니다. 앞으로도 두 달넘게 연재될 예정입니다.

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>1편 

포기하기에는 너무 ‘위험한’… 소프트웨어(SW) 특허

특허법에서 보호하는… “발명”이란?

특허법에서 보호하지 않는… “발명”과 법적 근거

미국·유럽 등에서 보호하지 않는… “발명”과 법적 근거

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>2편

특허법에서 다루는… ‘소프트웨어(SW)’ 이해

‘알고리즘 (algorithm)’화된, 디지털 데이터 SW… 컴퓨터 업계

‘보호 내용’에 따른 디지털 데이터 SW… 법원, 특허청 등

디지털 데이터 신호의 ‘물건성’… SW의 물리적 객체성

‘기록’ 또는 ‘구동’에 따른 ‘물건성’… SW의 물리적 객체성 

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>3편 

컴퓨터 장치(물건)에 저장·실행·전송되는… 소프트웨어(SW)

컴퓨터 프로그램 실행의 핵심… “주기억장치(CPU)”

명령어와 ‘데이터’ 집합체… ‘CPU’ 입장에서 소프트웨어란?

다양한 ‘물리적 변화’를 이용한… SW 저장과 매체

서로 ‘데이터’를 주고받는… ‘전기신호’ 전송

기억장치에 ‘SW’를 저장하는… 특허법상 ‘생산’

소프트웨어를 실행하는… 특허법상 ‘사용’

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>4편 

네트워크를 통한 ‘SW 전송’ 행위… 특허법상 ‘생산’과 ‘사용’

네트워크를 통한 ‘SW 전송’ 행위… 특허법상 ‘침해’ 기준

데이터 패킷 전송… ‘구성요소완비’의 원칙 등(1)

네트워크 기반의 분산 컴퓨팅… ‘구성요소완비’의 원칙 등(2)

네트워크 기반의 병렬컴퓨팅… ‘구성요소완비’의 원칙 등(3)

국가별 ‘청구항 기재’ 형식의 제한… SW 데이터

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>5편 

사례를 통해 바라본… ‘청구항’ 기재의 실질적 제한

라디오 수신기 회로에 관한… Andrea II 사건(美, 1937년)

기계장치 ‘생산’에 관한… Paper Converting 사건(美, 1984년)

컴퓨터 장치와 물건에 관한… 一太郎事件(이치타로) 사건(日, 2005년)

‘기록매체’ 발명에 관한… 아바타 게임 캐릭터 사건(韓, 2006년)

‘오픈소스’ 프로그램에 관한… 다음 팟 인코더 사건(韓, 2013년)

‘정보처리’에 관한… 바이버 메신저 사건(韓, 2015년)

‘반제품’에 관한… 노키아 슬라이드 휴대폰 사건(韓, 2015년)

‘조립 및 결합’에 관한… 안명 리프팅 봉합사 키트 사건(韓, 2019년)

디지털 전환의 시대… ‘SW 발명’ 보호 방안은?

<소프트웨어(SW) 발명, 포기하지 말자!>6편 

판례를 통해 정리한… SW 발명의 “생산” 행위

발명의 ‘범주’에 따라 달라지는… 특허법상 ‘실시’ 행위

특허침해 ‘행위’에 대한 규정… 美 특허법 35 U.S.C 제271조

현대 산업활동에 맞지않는… 국내 특허법상 ‘침해’행위

‘물건’ 발명 Vs. ‘방법’ 발명… 특허법상 차이점은?

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 인공지능(AI)과 창작(3)… 이미지 변형과 전환 및 생성

이번 글은 인공지능(AI)기술을 이용한 창작의 현수준을 알아보면서 창작의 개념에 대해 질문을 던져봅니다.

1) 이미지 복원(Restoration)ㆍ변형(Translation)과 AI 창작

2) 이미지 ‘스타일 전환(CONVERSION)‘과 AI 창작

3) 이미지 ‘생성(GENERATION)’과 AI 창작

4) 텍스트 ‘명령’에 따른… 이미지 ‘생성(GENERATION)‘과 AI 창작

 

IPDaily 칼럼읽기

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 인공지능(AI)과 창작(3)… 이미지 변형과 전환 및 생성

<연재시리즈>

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 인공지능(AI)과 창작(중)… ‘발명자’는 누구인가? 

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] 인공지능(AI)과 창작(상)… 신경망 ‘알고리즘’의 현주소 

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] ㊺ 인공지능(AI)과 창작(중)… ‘발명자’는 누구인가?

인간의 ‘지적 노동’, ‘창작’을 보호… 지식재산권(IP) 제도

최근 컴퓨팅 비전(Computer Vision) 분야에서 AI 알고리즘을 이용하여 새로운 이미지를 만들어 내는 연구가 뜨거운 관심을 받고 있다. 비지니스 영역에서는 벌써 이런 연구결과를 이용한 가상 광고모델이 활동하고 있기도 하고, 의료용 학습데이터를 만들어 내기도 한다.

이것이 가능하게 된 것은 생성적 대립 신경망(GAN) 발명과 합성곱 신경망(CNN) 발명 덕분이었다. 전편에서는 이러한 GAN 발명과 CNN 발명에 대한 기술적 특징을 알아보았고, 현재 컴퓨팅 비전 분야의 이미지 생성수준을 살펴봄으로 전통적인 “창작”의 개념에 대해 생각해볼 화두를 던져보았다.

본 편에서는 인간의 ‘지적 노동’, ‘창작’이 무엇이며 지식재산권(IP)으로 보호하는 근거와 원리를 살펴보고 호주 법원이 ‘다부스(DABUS)’ AI 기계가 만든 2개의 발명의 귀속을 그 기계를 도구로 사용한 소유자에게 인정한 법원리를 되새겨보려고 한다.

이글은 총 3편으로 나누어 상편은 이미 연재되었고 본 글의 중편에 이어 다음에 하편이 연재될 예정이다.

우리는 과거 어느때보다 더 철학적이고 똑똑하고 현명해져야 한다.

<IPDaily 칼럼읽기>

[이진수의 ‘특허포차’] ㊺ 인공지능(AI)과 창작(중)… ‘발명자’는 누구인가?